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Microplastics in Urban Water Management
Enables readers to understand the true occurrence and fate of microplastics in drinking water, wastewater and sludge, and receiving water
Microplastics in Urban Water Management focuses on the occurrence, fate, effect, and removal of microplastics in the urban water management systems, summarizing relevant methods for enhancing microplastics removal and degradation, providing comprehensive data from source to sink (including occurrence and fate of microplastics in urban water management), and covering practical applications, which are expected to provide some theoretical guidance for controlling or mitigating microplastics pollution and its environmental risks.
The work also includes detailed multidisciplinary information on the way in which microplastics behave in urban water management, plus recent advances of nanoplastics, i.e., nano-sized microplastics, in the aquatic environment.
In Microplastics in Urban Water Management, readers can expect to find detailed information on sample topics such as:
* Techniques for microplastics detection, including sample collection, purification, identification, and quantitation, plus the definition, emergence, occurrence, and removal of microplastics
* Elements of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants; for instance, the ecotoxicological effect on the biological treatment of wastewater and sludge
* Why the discharge of microplastics from wastewater treatment plants is the important source of microplastics in the receiving waters
* Potential environmental risks of microplastic contamination in receiving water systems and evidence that microplastics can absorb, collect and transport environmental contaminants as vectors
For practicing toxicologists, biologists, environmental and chemical engineers, and ecology professionals, as well as researchers and graduate students in these disciplines, Microplastics in Urban Water Management is an essential all-in-one guide to understanding the current state of microplastics in our world and potential solutions for the future.
List of contents
Notes of Contributors xiii
Preface xvii
1 Techniques for Microplastics Detection in Urban Water Systems 1
Xiaowei Li, Man Li, Lulu Liu, and Xiang Huang
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Sample Collection and Separation 1
1.2.1 Freshwater Samples 1
1.2.2 Freshwater Sediments 5
1.2.3 Wastewater Samples 9
1.2.4 Sludge Samples 12
1.2.5 Drinking Water Samples 14
1.3 Sample Purification 16
1.3.1 Wet Peroxidation 16
1.3.2 Enzymatic Degradation 17
1.3.3 Alkaline and Acid Treatment 18
1.3.4 Influence of Chemical Purification on Microplastic Property 20
1.4 Sample Identification 25
1.4.1 Visual Identification 25
1.4.2 Microscopic Identification 26
1.4.3 Spectroscopic Identification 27
1.4.4 Thermal Analysis 29
1.5 Quantitative Analysis 32
1.5.1 LD Method 33
1.5.2 DLS Method 34
1.5.3 NTA Method 34
1.5.4 Challenges in Particle Size Analysis 35
1.6 Quality Control 36
1.6.1 Internal Deviation 36
1.6.2 Judgment Error 37
1.7 Summary and Future Outlooks 37
References 37
2 Occurrence and Removal of Microplastics in Drinking Water Systems 53
Junyeol Kim, Yongli Z. Wager, Carol Miller, and John Norton
2.1 Introduction 53
2.2 What Are Microplastics? 55
2.2.1 Primary and Secondary Microplastics 56
2.3 The Emergence of Microplastic 57
2.3.1 Sources 57
2.3.2 Transformation 59
2.4 Occurrence of Microplastics in Drinking Water Systems 61
2.4.1 Abundance 61
2.4.2 Distribution 64
2.4.2.1 Size Distribution 65
2.4.2.2 Morphological Distribution 66
2.4.3 Composition 67
2.5 Removal of Microplastics in Drinking Water Systems 68
2.5.1 Water Treatment Plant 69
2.5.1.1 Removal of Microplastics by the Overall Process of Water Treatment 69
2.5.1.2 Removal Rate of Microplastics Depending on the Size 70
2.5.1.3 Removal Rate Depending on the Type of Microplastics 73
2.5.1.4 Removal Efficiency Depending on the Composition of Microplastics 74
2.5.1.5 Removal of Microplastics by Coagulation, Flocculation, and Sedimentation 75
2.5.1.6 Removal of Microplastics by Filtration 76
2.5.1.7 Removal of Microplastics by Ozonation 77
2.5.2 Microplastic Removal in Lab-scale Studies 78
2.6 Summary and Prospects 80
References 82
3 Occurrence of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants 91
Kang Song and Lu li
3.1 Introduction 91
3.2 The Abundance and Removal Performance of Microplastics in WWTPs 92
3.3 The Microplastics Composition in WWTPs 102
3.3.1 Microplastics Size Distribution 102
3.3.2 Microplastic Shapes 103
3.3.3 Microplastic Materials 104
3.3.4 Microplastic Color 105
3.4 Removal of Microplastics in WWTPs and Contribution of Each Process 106
3.4.1 Primary Treatment 106
3.4.2 Secondary Treatment 108
3.4.3 Tertiary Treatment 108
3.5 Summary and Future Outlooks 109
References 110
4 Effects of Microplastics on Wastewater Treatment Processes 119
Yan Laam Cheng, Tsz Ching Tse, Ziying Li, Yuguang Wang, and Yiu Fai Tsang
4.1 Biological Treatment Processes 119
4.1.1 Conventional Unit Operations and Processes 119
4.1.1.1 Suspended-Growth Processes 120
4.1.1.2 Attached-Growth Processes 122
4.1.1.3 Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes 122
About the author
Bing-Jie Ni, PhD, is a Full Professor of the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
Qiuxiang Xu, PhD, is currently a Senior Research Fellow in the Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, China.
Wei Wei, PhD, is currently an Australian Research Council (ARC) DECRA Fellow & Lecturer at the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
