Application of Ambient Pressure X Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to - Catalysi

APPLICATION OF AMBIENT PRESSURE X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY TO CATALYSIS
 
Authoritative and detailed reference on ambient-pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for practitioners and researchers starting in the field
 
Application of Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to Catalysis introduces a relatively new analytical method and its applications to chemistry, energy, environmental, and materials sciences, particularly the field of heterogeneous catalysis, covering its background and historical development, its principles, the instrumentation required to use it, analysis of data collected with it, and the challenges it faces.
 
The features of this method are described early in the text; the starting chapters provide a base for understanding how AP-XPS tracks crucial information in terms of the surface of a catalyst during catalysis. The second half of this book delves into the specific applications of AP-XPS to fundamental studies of different catalytic reactions. In later chapters, the focus is on how AP-XPS could provide key information toward understanding catalytic mechanisms.
 
To aid in reader comprehension, the takeaways of each chapter are underlined.
 
In Application of Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to Catalysis, readers can expect to find detailed information on specific topics such as:
* Going from surface of model catalyst in UHV to surface of nanoparticle catalyst during catalysis
* Application of XPS from surface in UHV to surface in gas or liquid phase and fundamentals of X-ray spectroscopy
* Significance and challenges of studying surface of a catalyst in gaseous phase and instrumentation of ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectrometers
* Experimental methods of AP-XPS studies and difference in data analysis between AP-XPS and high vacuum XPS
 
Ambient Pressure X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy is an ideal resource for entry level researchers and students involved in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Additionally, the text will appeal to scientists in more senior roles in academic and government laboratory institutions in the fields of chemistry, chemical engineering, energy science, and materials science.

List of contents

Preface ix
 
1 From Surface of Model Catalyst in UHV to Surface of Nanoparticle Catalyst During Catalysis 1
 
2 Application of XPS: from Surface in UHV to Surface in Gas or Liquid Phase 7
 
2.1 Origin of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 7
 
2.2 Applications of XPS to Study Surface in High Vacuum 8
 
2.3 Applications of XPS to Study Sample in Gas Phase 8
 
2.4 Applications of XPS to Study Sample in Liquid Phase 8
 
3 Fundamentals of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 19
 
3.1 Principle of XPS 19
 
3.2 Generation of X-ray 32
 
3.3 Excitation of Photoelectron and Chemical Shift 36
 
3.4 Measurements of Energy of Photoelectrons 48
 
3.5 Measurements of Intensity of Photoelectrons 49
 
4 Instrumentation of XPS 51
 
4.1 Regular X-ray Source 51
 
4.2 X-ray Source with a Monochromator 53
 
4.3 Energy Analyzer 58
 
4.4 Detector 63
 
5 Significance and Challenge of Studying Surface of a Catalyst in Gaseous Phase 67
 
5.1 Origin of Difference between Surface in UHV and Surface in Reactant Gas 67
 
5.2 Intrinsic Feature of Catalytic Sites on Surface: Environmental Sensitivity 68
 
5.3 Ex Situ, Semi-in Situ, and In Situ/Operando Studies of Catalyst Surface at Ambient Pressure of Reactants 69
 
5.4 Ex Situ, Semi-in Situ, and In Situ/Operando Studies of Catalyst Structure at High Pressure 76
 
5.5 Technical Challenges in Studying Surface of a Catalyst in Gas Phase 77
 
6 Instrumentation of Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer 81
 
6.1 X-ray Source for AP-XPS Studies 81
 
6.2 Reaction Cell with Capability of Flowing Gas 87
 
6.3 Differential Pumping Energy Analyzer with High Transmission 96
 
6.4 Mass Spectrometer with Capability of Measurement of Catalytic Performance 97
 
7 Experimental Methods of AP-XPS Studies 103
 
7.1 Leak Test of Reaction Cell 103
 
7.2 Exclusion of Catalysis by Reaction Cell 103
 
7.3 Tunning and Control of Sample-Aperture Distance 104
 
7.4 Sample Heating and Temperature Control 108
 
7.5 Online Measurement of Reactants and Products 108
 
7.6 Spectroscopic Titration of Surface Species 110
 
8 Difference in Data Analysis Between AP-XPS and High Vacuum XPS 113
 
8.1 Potential Difference in Measuring Atomic Ratio of Two Elements on Catalyst Surface 113
 
8.2 Difference in Intensity of Photoelectrons Collected by Energy Analyzer 114
 
8.3 Difference in Resolution and Baseline of Spectrum 114
 
8.4 Difference in Spectrum between Free Molecules in Gas and Adsorbed Molecules on Surface 116
 
8.5 Calibration of Nominal Atomic Ratio A/Z of a Catalyst Surface in a Pure Gas 118
 
8.6 Calibration of Nominal Atomic Ratio A/Z of a Catalyst Surface in a Mixture of Reactants 122
 
8.7 Calibration of Nominal Atomic Ratio A/Z of a Catalyst Surface in a Pure Gas Obtained at Different Temperature for Fair Comparison 123
 
9 Significance of Using AP-XPS in Studies of Catalysis 127
 
9.1 Fundamental of Catalyst Surface 127
 
9.2 Significance of Characterization of Surface of a Catalyst in Gas Phase 128
 
9.3 Significance of Using AP-XPS in Fundamental Studies of Catalysis 129
 
10 CO Oxidation on Single Crystal Model Catalysts 131
 
10.1 Pt(557) and Pt(332) in CO 131
 
10.2 CO Oxidation on Pd(100), Pd(111), and Pd(110) 136
 
10.3 CO Oxidation on Pt(110) and Pt(111) 144
 
10.4 CO Oxidation on Rh(110) 149
 
10.5 CO Oxidation on Cu(111) 153
 
11 CO Oxidation on High Surface Area Catalysts 157
 
11.1 CO Oxidation on Rh Nanoparticles 157

About the author

Professor Franklin Tao, Dept of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas. Professor Tao graduated from Princeton University and carried out his postdoctoral research at University of California-Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He has published about 190 research articles and is an elected fellow of AAAS (2017) and RSC (2014). He was on the advisory editorial boards or editorial boards of several journals, including Chemical Society Reviews and Catalysis Science & Technology.

Product details

• Authors: Franklin Tao, Franklin (University of Kansas Tao, Tao Franklin (Feng)
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 10.11.2023
• EAN: 9781119845447
• ISBN: 978-1-119-84544-7
• No. of pages: 288
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Chemistry > Theoretical chemistry; Chemie, Spektroskopie, Katalyse, chemistry, Catalysis, spectroscopy, Industrial Chemistry, Technische u. Industrielle Chemie