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Informationen zum Autor Having originally received his BSc and PhD degrees from University College Cork, Humphrey Moynihan returned in 2002, where he is now involved in the teaching of Organic and Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry. His research interest is the study and control of crystallisation of organic compounds. He is also involved in collaborative research in areas such as Analytical Chemistry.Abina Crean joined the Cork School of Pharmacy in September 2004 as a Lecturer in Pharmaceutics after working in formulation and process development for Élan Pharmaceutical Technologies and Servier (Ireland) Industries. Her main research interests are in the areas of solid dose drug delivery systems and pharmaceutical solid-state properties. Klappentext The Physicochemical Basis of Pharmaceuticals explores the physical and chemical phenomena which affect the formulation and bio-availability of drug substances to give a straightforward, accessible treatment of the essential concepts affecting the absorption and distribution of drugs. Zusammenfassung The Physicochemical Basis of Pharmaceuticals explores the physical and chemical phenomena which affect the formulation and bio-availability of drug substances to give a straightforward, accessible treatment of the essential concepts affecting the absorption and distribution of drugs. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Pharmaceuticals and medicines 1.1: Introduction to the essential properties of pharmaceuticals 1.1.1: Some key concepts 1.2: Classes of pharmaceutical compounds 1.2.1: Active pharmaceutical ingredients 1.2.2: Excipients 1.3: Drug delivery: getting the active pharmaceutical ingredient to the site of action 1.3.1: Routes of administration 1.3.2: Pharmaceutical dosage forms 1.3.3: Factors influencing dosage form choice 1.4: Summary 2. Pharmaceutical solutions 2.2: Definitions and expressions of solubility 2.1.1: Measurement of solubility and solubility curves 2.2: Solvent structure 2.2.1: Hydrogen bonding and the structure of water 2.2.2: Lipid-based media 2.3: Dissolution and solvation 2.4: Factors affecting solubility 2.4.1: Molecular weight 2.4.2: Hydrogen bonding 2.4.3: Hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups 2.5: Acidity and basicity 2.5.1: pKa and pKb 2.5.2: Acidity and environment 2.6: Salt selection and formation 2.7: Hydrolytic degradation 2.8: Summary 3. Pharmaceutical equilibria 3.1: Essential concepts in thermodynamics 3.1.1: Internal energy, enthalpy and the first law of thermodynamics 3.1.2: Entropy and the second and third laws of thermodynamics 3.1.3: Free energy, chemical potential and equilibrium 3.1.4: Activities of ions in solution 3.2: Phase equilibria 3.2.1: One-component systems and the phase rule 3.2.2: Two-component systems 3.2.3: Osmotic pressure 3.3: Drug delivery: Phase transitions 3.3.1: Diffusion (movement within a phase) 3.3.2: Dissolution (solid -liquid transition) 3.3.3: Partitioning (liquid- liquid transition) 3.3.4: Gas absorption (Gas-liquid phase transition) 3.3.5: Phase transitions during drug delivery 3.4: Summary 4. The pharmaceutical solid phase 4.1: Crystalline and amorphous solids 4.2: The essentials of pharmaceutical crystal structure 4.2.1: Unit cells, crystal systems and lattices 4.2.2: Space groups and space group notation 4.2.3: Crystal planes and faces 4.3: Crystal polymorphism of pharmaceuticals 4.3.1: Relative stabilities of polymorphs 4.3.2: Solvates and hydrates 4.4: Methods of characterising pharmaceutical solids 4.4.1: X-ray diffraction methods 4.4.2: Thermal methods 4.4.3: Other methods of analysis 4.5: Pharmaceutical crystallization 4.5.1: Supersaturation 4.5.2: Nucleation, growth and crystal morphology 4.5.3: Ripening and the rule of stages 4.6: So...
