Introduction to Meta-Analysis - 2nd Edition

A clear and thorough introduction to meta-analysis, the process of synthesizing data from a series of separate studiesThe first edition of this text was widely acclaimed for the clarity of the presentation, and quickly established itself as the definitive text in this field. The fully updated second edition includes new and expanded content on avoiding common mistakes in meta-analysis, understanding heterogeneity in effects, publication bias, and more. Several brand-new chapters provide a systematic "how to" approach to performing and reporting a meta-analysis from start to finish.Written by four of the world's foremost authorities on all aspects of meta-analysis, the new edition: Outlines the role of meta-analysis in the research process Shows how to compute effects sizes and treatment effects Explains the fixed-effect and random-effects models for synthesizing data Demonstrates how to assess and interpret variation in effect size across studies Explains how to avoid common mistakes in meta-analysis Discusses controversies in meta-analysis Includes access to a companion website containing videos, spreadsheets, data files, free software for prediction intervals, and step-by-step instructions for performing analyses using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) Download videos, class materials, and worked examples at www.Introduction-to-Meta-Analysis.com"This book offers the reader a unified framework for thinking about meta-analysis, and then discusses all elements of the analysis within that framework. The authors address a series of common mistakes and explain how to avoid them. As the editor-in-chief of the American Psychologist and former editor of Psychological Bulletin, I can say without hesitation that the quality of manuscript submissions reporting meta-analyses would be vastly better if researchers read this book."-Harris Cooper, Hugo L. Blomquist Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Neuroscience, Editor-in-chief of the American Psychologist, former editor of Psychological Bulletin"A superb combination of lucid prose and informative graphics, the authors provide a refreshing departure from cookbook approaches with their clear explanations of the what and why of meta-analysis. The book is ideal as a course textbook or for self-study. My students raved about the clarity of the explanations and examples."-David Rindskopf, Distinguished Professor of Educational Psychology, City University of New York, Graduate School and University Center, & Editor of the Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics"The approach taken by Introduction to Meta-analysis is intended to be primarily conceptual, and it is amazingly successful at achieving that goal. The reader can comfortably skip the formulas and still understand their application and underlying motivation. For the more statistically sophisticated reader, the relevant formulas and worked examples provide a superb practical guide to performing a meta-analysis. The book provides an eclectic mix of examples from education, social science, biomedical studies, and even ecology. For anyone considering leading a course in meta-analysis, or pursuing self-directed study, Introduction to Meta-analysis would be a clear first choice."-Jesse A. Berlin, ScD...

List of contents

List of Tables xv
 
List of Figures xix
 
Acknowledgements xxv
 
Preface xxvii
 
Preface to the Second Edition xxxv
 
Website xxxvii
 
Part 1: Introduction
 
1 How a Meta-Analysis Works 3
 
Introduction 3
 
Individual studies 3
 
The summary effect 5
 
Heterogeneity of effect sizes 6
 
Summary points 7
 
2 Why Perform a Meta-Analysis 9
 
Introduction 9
 
The streptokinase meta-analysis 10
 
Statistical significance 11
 
Clinical importance of the effect 11
 
Consistency of effects 12
 
Summary points 13
 
Part 2: Effect Size and Precision
 
3 Overview 17
 
Treatment effects and effect sizes 17
 
Parameters and estimates 18
 
Outline of effect size computations 19
 
4 Effect Sizes Based On Means 21
 
Introduction 21
 
Raw (unstandardized) mean difference D 21
 
Standardized mean difference, d and g 25
 
Response ratios 30
 
Summary points 31
 
5 Effect Sizes Based On Binary Data (2 × 2 Tables) 33
 
Introduction 33
 
Risk ratio 33
 
Odds ratio 35
 
Risk difference 37
 
Choosing an effect size index 38
 
Summary points 38
 
6 Effect Sizes Based On Correlations 39
 
Introduction 39
 
Computing r 39
 
Other approaches 40
 
Summary points 41
 
7 Converting Among Effect Sizes 43
 
Introduction 43
 
Converting from the log odds ratio to d 44
 
Converting from d to the log odds ratio 45
 
Converting from r to d 45
 
Converting from d to r 46
 
Summary points 47
 
8 Factors That Affect Precision 49
 
Introduction 49
 
Factors that affect precision 50
 
Sample size 50
 
Study design 51
 
Summary points 53
 
9 Concluding Remarks 55
 
Part 3: Fixed-Effect Versus Random-Effects Models
 
10 Overview 59
 
Introduction 59
 
Nomenclature 60
 
11 Fixed-Effect Model 61
 
Introduction 61
 
The true effect size 61
 
Impact of sampling error 61
 
Performing a fixed-effect meta-analysis 63
 
Summary points 64
 
12 Random-Effects Model 65
 
Introduction 65
 
The true effect sizes 65
 
Impact of sampling error 66
 
Performing a random-effects meta-analysis 68
 
Summary points 70
 
13 Fixed-Effect Versus Random-Effects Models 71
 
Introduction 71
 
Definition of a summary effect 71
 
Estimating the summary effect 72
 
Extreme effect size in a large study or a small study 73
 
Confidence interval 73
 
The null hypothesis 76
 
Which model should we use? 76
 
Model should not be based on the test for heterogeneity 78
 
Concluding remarks 79
 
Summary points 79
 
14 Worked Examples (Part 1) 81
 
Introduction 81
 
Worked example for continuous data (Part 1) 81
 
Worked example for binary data (Part 1) 85
 
Worked example for correlational data (Part 1) 90
 
Summary points 94
 
Part 4: Heterogeneity
 
15 Overview 97
 
Introduction 97
 
Nomenclature 98
 
Worked examples 98
 
16 Identifying and Quantifying Heterogeneity 99
 
Introduction 99
 
Isolating the variation in true effects 99
 
Computing Q 101
 
Estimating tau² 106
 
The I² statistic 109
 
Comparing the measures

Product details

• Authors: Michael Borenstein, Larry V Hedges, Larry V. Hedges, Hedges Larry V., J. Higgins, Julia Higgins, Julian P. T. Higgins, Higgins Julian P. T., Hannah R. Rothstein
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 13.05.2021
• EAN: 9781119558354
• ISBN: 978-1-119-55835-4
• No. of pages: 544
• Dimensions: 185 mm x 260 mm x 35 mm
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Medicine > General; Statistik, Medizin, Sozialwissenschaften, Statistics, Biostatistik, Biostatistics, Medical Science, Medical Sciences Special Topics, Spezialthemen Medizin, Allg. Naturwissenschaft, General Science