Powers and Compensation in Circuits With Nonsinusoidal Current

This book explains all the power-related physical phenomena in electrical circuits and creates fundamentals for compensation in circuits of any complexity with linear and nonlinear loads in single- and three-phase circuits using reactance, switching and hybrid compensators in terms of CPC-power based theory.

List of contents

• A: Circuits with Nonsinusoidal Currents and Voltages Analysis Currents' Physical Components and Powers


• Introduction


• 1: Doubts and Questions


• 1.1 Steinmetz's Experiment


• 1.2 Does the Reactive Power Occur Because of Energy Oscillations?


• 1.3 Does Energy Oscillate in Three-Phase Supply Lines?


• 1.4 Do Energy Oscillations Degrade Power Factor?


• 1.5 What are Harmonics and Their Complex rms Value


• 1.6 Do Harmonics Exist as Physical Entities?


• 1.7 How to Describe Single-Phase Circuits in Terms of Powers?


• 1.8 How to Describe Harmonics Generating Loads in Terms of Powers?


• 1.9 How to Calculate the Apparent Power in Three-Phase Circuit?


• 1.10 Is the Common Power Equation of Three-Phase Circuits Right?


• 1.11 Is the Reactive Power Caused by Energy Storage?


• 1.12 Why can Capacitive Compensator Degrade Power Factor?


• 1.13 Why the Term: "Power Quality" is Misleading?


• 2: Sources of Current and Voltage Distortion


• 2.1 Nonsinusoidal Voltages and Currents: General


• 2.2 Distortion Measures


• 2.3 Harmful Effects of Distortion


• 2.4 Distortion Caused by Ferromagnetic Core


• 2.5 Current Distortion and the Power Factor


• 2.6 Lightning Systems as the Source of Distortion


• 2.7 Single-Phase Rectifier


• 2.8 Three-Phase Rectifier


• 2.9 Three-Phase Six-Pulse AC/DC Converter


• 2.10 Commutation as the Source of Distortion


• 2.11 Arc Furnace


• 2.12 Cycloconverter


• 3: Circuits with Nonsinusoidal Currents Analysis


• 3.1 Periodic Quantities


• 3.2 Orthogonality


• 3.3 Fourier Series in Complex Form


• 3.4 Scalar Product in Frequency-Domain


• 3.5 Properties of Complex Rms Values


• 3.6 Single-Phase LTI Circuit Analysis


• 3.7 Voltage-Current Relations of LTI One-Ports


• 3.8 Node and Mash Equations


• 3.9 Three-Phase, Three-Wire Circuits


• 3.10 Three-Phase Vectors and Their Rms Value


• 3.11 Three-Phase Equivalent Load in D Configuration


• 3.12 Three-Phase Reduced Vectors


• 3.13 Symmetrical Components


• 3.14 Orthogonality of Symmetrical Components


• 3.15 Asymmetry Propagation


• 3.16 Nonsinusoidal Voltages and Currents in Three-Phase Circuits


• 3.17 Orthogonality of Three-Phase Nonsinusoidal Quantities


• 3.18 The Sequence of Harmonic Symmetrical Components


• 4: Semi-periodic Voltages and Currents


• 4.1 Roots of Non-Periodicity and its Consequences


• 4.2 Frequency Spectra of Periodic and Non-Periodic Quantities


• 4.3 Concept of Semi-Periodic Currents and Voltages


• 4.4 Running Active Power and Rms Value


• 4.5 Running Scalar Product of Semi-Periodic Quantities


• 4.6 Quasi-Harmonics


• 4.7 Digital Processing of Semi-Periodic Quantities


• 5: History of Power Theory Development


• 5.1 Emergence of Power Terms and Power Theory


• 5.2 Powers in Single-Phase Circuits with Sinusoidal Current


• 5.3 Illovici's Reactive Power


• 5.4 Budeanu's Power Theory


• 5.5 Fryze's Power Theory


• 5.6 Shepherd and Zakikhani's Power Theory


• 5.7 Optimum Capacitance


• 5.8 Depenbrock's Power Theory


• 5.9 Kusters and Moore's Power Theory


• 5.10 Czarnecki's Power Theory of Single-Phase LTI Circuits


• 5.11 Instantaneous Reactive Power (IRP) p-q Theory


• 5.12 CPC in Single-Phase Circuits with Harmonics Generating Loads


• 5.13 CPC-Based PT of Three-Phase Circuits


• 5.14 FBD Method


• 5.15 Apparent Power in Three-Phase Circuits


• 5.16 Tenti's Power Theory


• 5.17 CPC-Based PT of Three-Phase LTI Circuits with Neutral


• 5.18 The State of the CPC-Based PT Development


• 6: CPC and Powers in Single-Phase Circuits


• 6.1 Powers and Currents' Physical Components


• 6.2 CPC of LTI Loads with Nonsinusoidal Voltage


• 6.3 Orthogonality of CPC


• 6.4 Power Equation of LTI Loads with Nonsinusoidal Voltage


• 6.5 CPC Reactive Compensability


• 6.6 Fryze's Decomposition in Terms of CPC


• 6.7 Shepherd and Zakikhani's Decomposition in Terms of CPC


• 6.8 Active, Scattered, and Reactive Voltage


• 6.9 Orthogonality of the Voltage Physical Components


• 6.10 Series Reactance Compensability


• 6.11 CPC in Circuits with Harmonics Generating Loads


• 6.12 Power Equation of Circuits with HGL


• 6.13 Power Factor of HGLs


• 6.14 Working, Reflected, and Detrimental Active Powers


• 7: CPC in Three-Phase Three-Wire Circuits


• 7.1 Troubles with the Power Equation


• 7.2 Currents' Physical Components in Circuits with svandc


• 7.3 Orthogonality of CPC in Circuits with svandc


• 7.4 Power Equation in Circuits with svandc


• 7.5 CPC and the Instantaneous Power


• 7.6 Three-Phase Load Equivalent D Circuits


• 7.7 CPC in Circuits with nvandc and LTI Loads


• 7.8 Orthogonality of CPCs in Circuits with nvandc


• 7.9 Powers in Circuits with nvandc and LTI Loads


• 7.10 CPC in Circuits with nvandc and HGLs


• 7.11 Circuits with Asymmetrical Supply, svandc, and LTI Loads


• 7.12 Induction Motor Supplied with Asymmetrical Voltage


• 7.13 Superposition-Based Current Decomposition


• 7.14 CPC at Asymmetrical Supply with svandc and LTI Load


• 7.15 CPC at Asymmetrical Supply with nvandc and LTI Load


• 7.16 CPC at Asymmetrical Supply with nvandc and HGL


• 7.17 Active Power Components in 3p3w Circuits


• 8: CPC and Powers in Four-Wire Circuits


• 8.1 Neutral Conductor


• 8.2 Currents' Three-Phase Rms Value in 3p4w Circuit


• 8.3 CPC in 3p4w Circuits with svandc and LTI Loads


• 8.4 Powers and Power Factor


• 8.5 Apparent Power of D/Y Transformer in 3p4w Circuit


• 8.6 Line-to-Neutral Admittances


• 8.7 CPC in 3p4w Circuits with nvandc and LTI Loads


• 8.8 Powers and Power Factor


• 8.9 Neutral Conductor Current


• 8.10 CPC in 3p4w Circuits with nvandc and HGLs


• B: Filters and Compensators


• Introduction


• 9: Overview of Compensation Issues


• 9.1 Supply Quality and Loading Quality


• 9.2 Negative Effects of Degraded LQ and SQ


• 9.3 Objectives of Compensation


• 9.4 Compensation Tools


• 9.5 Compensation at Sinusoidal Voltage and Current


• 9.6 Reactance Compensation at Nonsinusoidal Voltage


• 9.7 Resonant Harmonic Filters


• 9.8 Harmonics Blocking Compensators


• 9.8. Harmonics Blocking Compensators


• 9.9. Switching Compensators


• 9.10. Hybrid Compensators


• 10: Reactance Compensator Synthesis


• 10.1 Circuit Synthesis versus Analysis


• 10.2 Positive Real Functions


• 10.3 Properties of Positive Real Functions


• 10.4 Reactance Functions and their Properties


• 10.5 Admittance of Shunt Reactance Compensator


• 10.6 Foster Synthesis Procedures


• 10.7 Cauer Synthesis Procedures


• 10.8 Cauer Synthesis Procedures


• 11: Capacitive Compensation


• 11.1 Capacitive Compensation at Sinusoidal Current


• 11.2 Detrimental Effects of Low Power Factor


• 11.3 Power Factor Improvement with Capacitive Compensator


• 11.4 Capacitive Compensation in the Presence of Harmonics


• 11.5 Harmonic Amplification


• 11.6 Amplification of the Load-Generated Current Harmonics


• 11.7 Admittance as Seen from the Distribution System


• 11.8 Impedance as Seen from the Load-Generated Current Source


• 11.9 Compensator Caused Harmonic Distortion


• 11.10 Power Factor Components


• 11.11 Critical Capacitances and Resonant Frequency Control


• 12: Resonant Harmonic Filters


• 12.1 Principle of Operation


• 12.2 Traditional Design of RHFs


• 12.3 Frequency Properties of RHFs


• 12.4 Fixed POLEs Filter Design


• 12.5 Filter Effectiveness


• 12.6 Optimized RHFs


• 13: Reactance Compensation in Single-Phase Circuits


• 13.1 Reactance Compensation in Single-Phase Circuits


• 13.2 Compensator Complexity Reduction


• 13.3 Transmittances of the TER Compensator


• 13.4 TER Compensator Control in Time-Domain


• 13.5 Complete Reactance Compensation


• 14: Reactance Balancing Compensation in Three-Phase Three-Wire Circuits


• 14.1 Historical Background


• 14.2 Compensation in Circuits with Sinusoidal Voltage


• 14.3 Compensation in Circuits with Asymmetrical Sinusoidal Voltage


• 14.4 Compensation in Circuits with Nonsinusoidal Voltage


• 14.5 Reduction of the Compensator Complexity


• 14.6 Compensation at Asymmetrical Supply Voltage and nvandc


• 14.7 Adaptive Balancing Compensation


• 14.8 Adaptive Balancing Compensation


• 15: Reactance Balancing Compensation in Three-Phase Circuits with Neutral


• 15.1 Historical Background


• 15.2 Partial Compensation at svandc


• 15.3 Complete Compensation at svandc


• 15.4 Compensation at nvandc


• 15.5 Reduction of the Compensator Complexity


• 16: Switching Compensators


• 16.1 Introduction


• 16.2 Operation Principle


• 16.3 Clarke Vector


• 16.4 Inverter Switching Modes


• 16.5 Inverter Switching Control


• 16.6 Energy Flow and Storage


• 16.7 Switching Noise


• 16.8 Switching Compensator Control in Terms of CPC


• 17: Hybrid Compensators


• 17.1 Introduction


• 17.2 Low Frequency/High Frequency Hybrid Compensators


• 17.3 Reactance/HF Switching Hybrid Compensators


• 17.4 Hybrid Compensators of Ultra-High Power Loads


• 17.5 Compensation of Highly Variable Loads


• C: Controversies and Disputes


• Introduction


• 18: Budeanu's Power Theory Misconceptions


• 18.1 Misconceptions Related to Budeanu's Reactive Power


• 18.2 Budeanu's Reactive Power and Power Balance Principle


• 18.3 Misconceptions Related to Budeanu's Distortion Power


• 18.4 Usefulness Budeanu's PT for Compensation


• 19: Deficiencies of Fryze's Power Theory


• 19.1 Active and Reactive Currents Interpretations


• 19.2 Reactance Compensation


• 19.3 Switching Compensation


• 19.4 Fryze's Power Theory and Harmonics


• 20: Deficiencies of Kusters and Moore PT


• 20.1 Interpretation of Currents in the Kusters and Moore's PT


• 20.2 Kusters and Moore's PT and capacitive compensation


• 21: Misinterpretations of the IRP p-q Theory


• 21.1 Could Three-Phase Loads be Identified Instantaneously?


• 21.2 Instantaneous Powers and Load Identification


• 21.3 IRP p-q Theory Compensation Objective Misconception


• 22: Conservative PT Misconceptions


• 22.1 Misinterpretation of the "Reactive Energy"


• 22.2 "Reactive Energy" and Energy Conservation Principle


• 22.3 "Reactive Energy" and Stored Energy


• 22.4 CPT and Compensation


• 23: Meta-Theory of Electric Power


• 23.1 Meaning of the Meta Theory of Electric Power


• 23.2 What is Power Theory and its Objectives?


• 23.3 Domains of the Power Theory


• 24: Miscellaneous Issues


• 24.1 Has the Reactive Power Q any Physical Meaning?


• 24.2 Comments to the German Standard DIN 40110


• 24.3 Can Energy Rotate Around Three-Phase Supply Lines


• 24.4 Poynting Vector and Power Theory


• 24.5 Geometric Algebra in Power Theory


• Literature


• Index

About the author

Leszek S. Czarnecki received M.Sc., Ph.D., and D.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the Silesian University of Technology, Poland. For two years he was with the Power Engineering Section of the National Research Council of Canada, and for two years with the Electrical Engineering Dept. at Zielona Gora University, Poland. In 1989 Dr. Czarnecki joined the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. For developing a power theory of three-phase systems with nonsinusoidal and asymmetrical voltages and currents and for methods of compensation he was elected to the grade of Fellow IEEE.

Summary

This book explains all the power-related physical phenomena in electrical circuits and creates fundamentals for compensation in circuits of any complexity with linear and nonlinear loads in single- and three-phase circuits using reactance, switching and hybrid compensators in terms of CPC-power based theory.

Product details

• Authors: Leszek Czarnecki, Prof Leszek (Distinguished Professor Czarnecki
• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Release: 16.10.2023, delayed
• EAN: 9780198879206
• ISBN: 978-0-19-887920-6
• No. of pages: 784
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Technology > Structural and environmental engineering; TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Electronics / Circuits / General, TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Power Resources / General, TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Electrical, Electrical Engineering, Energy Efficiency, Electronics: circuits and components, Circuits & components