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This book provides an original and challenging perspective of religions as abstract complex adaptive systems, using an interdisciplinary approach to try to understand what religions are and how they function, two fundamental issues which, despite an intense struggle from several fields, have not yet been resolved. What is the source of religious belief? How do religions work and what are they made of? Why is religion so important for us that it has survived centuries of scientific progress and secularization? Why are people religious even outside religion? The book addresses these questions using an interdisciplinary approach that seeks to untangle the Gordian knot of defining religion. In short, they can be considered entropy-reducing technologies. What differentiates them from other meaning-producing systems is their configuration which employs specific building blocks as tools for mitigating entropy, which are also subsystems and combine in various ways to build a unique configuration: rituals, myths, taboos, supernatural agents, authority, identity, superstitions, moral obligations, afterlife beliefs and the sacred. As a reaction to perturbances or pressure, systems can collapse. Inspired by Nicholas Nassim Taleb, it is, in this book, referred to as fragility-the negative reaction of systems to random events, and four parameters can be used to evaluate it in religious systems: monotonicity (the inability to learn from past mistakes), coupling (linking with other systems: such as political or economic), centralization and stress starvation.
Several case studies are provided in order to test the theoretical claims made in this book, based on the author's field research in Romania, Japan, North Korea and Mongolia, and offering details that could be of interest to casual readers, students and researchers of religion.
List of contents
1 - Religions as Complex Adaptive Systems: Structure and F unction.- 2 - Why Systems Collapse.- 3 - The Fragility of Orthodox Church.- 4 - The Attempted Murder of the Romanian Greek-Catholic Church.- CHAPTER 5 - Spiritual Wanderers.- CHAPTER 6 - Totalitarian Regimes as Religious CAS.- 6 - Totalitarian Regimes as Religious CAS.- 7 - Shamanism in Mongolia.
About the author
Andrei-Razvan Coltea is an anthropologist and historian with an intense curiosity regarding religions, which has guided his academic interests since observing their spectacular post-communist resurgence in his country, Romania. After graduating the 'Global Studies' Ph.D. program at Shanghai University, he decided to publish all the results of his research throughout the years in this monograph, hoping, by an intensely interdisciplinary approach, to shed some light on the dynamic nature of religious phenomena.
