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UNIX achieved its widespread propagation, its penetration of the UNIX history university domain, and its reach into research and industry due to its early dissemination by AT&T to all interested parties at almost no cost and as source code. UNIX's present functionality emanated not just from AT&T developers but also from external developers who used the product and contributed their own further developments, which they then put at AT&T's disposal. (Consider the contributions of the University of California at Berkeley, for example.) With the rising commercialization of UNIX by AT&T (now by Novell) since 1983, such creative and cooperative further development became increasingly restricted, and UNIX source code today has become unaffordably expensive and scarcely accessible. Linux provides interested computer scientists and us"ers with a system that revives the old UNIX tradition: Linux is available for free, and everyone is heartily invited (but not obliged) to free & participatory contribute to its further development. Since Linux runs on PC systems, it has begun to penetrate the workrooms of many computer science students and computer freaks.
List of contents
1.1 Historical perspectives.- 1.2 UNIX history and standards.- 1.3 The Free Software Foundation.- 1.4 An overview of Linux features.- The Basics.- 2.1 Multi-user operation.- 2.2 Multitasking.- 2.3 Memory management.- 2.4 Shell model.- 2.5 File systems.- 2.6 Devices.- 2.7 Shells.- 2.8 Daemons.- 2.9 Overview of commands.- Networking.- 3.1 Network hardware.- 3.2 TCP/IP.- 3.3 Berkeley r-utilities.- 3.4 NFS.- 3.5 RPC.- 3.6 NTS.- 3.7 Other network services.- Linux Features.- 4.1 Virtual consoles.- 4.2 Linux file systems.- 4.3 Data exchange.- 4.4 Emulators.- 4.5 Alternative shells.- 4.6 Extended commands.- Installation.- 5.1 Linux distributions.- 5.2 Sources.- 5.3 Hardware.- 5.4 Installation of the system.- 5.6. The boot manager (LILO).- Configuration.- 6.1 General configuration.- 6.2 The kernel.- 6.3 Daemons.- 6.4 Streamers and CD-ROMs.- 6.5 Network configuration.- 6.6 X Window System configuration.- Administration.- 7.1 The Administrator.- 7.2 Booting.- 7.3 Shutdown.- 7.4 The Linux directory tree.- 7.5 Users and groups.- 7.6 Shells.- 7.7 User information.- 7.8 Backups.- 7.9 File system management.- 7.10 Updates.- 7.11 Boot diskette.- Support and Help.- 8.1 man, xman.- 8.2 Info.- 8.3 Newsgroups.- 8.4 FAQs and HOWTOs.- 8.5 Mailing lists.- 8.6 Other documents.- 8.7 Other sources.- X Window System.- 9.1 Features.- 9.2 Structure.- 9.3 Resources.- 9.4 Window manager.- 9.5 Toolkits.- 9.6 Interface builder.- 9.7 The XFree86 server.- 9.8 Practice.- 9.9 Memory optimization.- Languages & Tools.- 10.1 Languages.- 10.2 C/C++ compiler.- 10.3 Pascal, Simula, and Modula-2.- 10.4 Lisp/Prolog.- 10.5 Tel.- 10.6 awk, gawk.- 10.7 Perl.- 10.8 Editors.- 10.9 GNU Debugger (GDB).- 10.10 Make utility.- 10.11 Version control.- 10.12 XWPE.- 10.13 Example.- 10.14 Porting software.- 10.15 Interface builder.- Applications.- 11.1 Working environment G.R.E.A.T.- 11.2 Editors.- 11.3 Graphic programs.- 11.4 Word processing.- 11.5 Games.- 11.6 Other applications.- Network Applications.- 12.1 Electronic mail.- 12.2 News.- 12.3 Gopher.- 12.4 IRC.- 12.5 Archie.- 12.6 WWW and Mosaic.- Overview of /etc files.- Overview of /etc subdirectories.- Configuration of the kernel.- Further reading.
Report
"With Linux, a system has become available to the computing community that lives in the tradition and true spirit of Unix." From the foreword by J. Gulbins
