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Informationen zum Autor DR. EWA PIORKOWSKA, is Professor and the Head of the Department of Polymer Structure at the Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland. Her research interests include crystallization, structure and properties of polymers, polymer blends, composites and nanocomposites. DR. GREGORY C. RUTLEDGE, is the Lammot du Pont Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research interests include polymer science and engineering, statistical thermodynamics, molecular simulation, and nanotechnology. Klappentext International team of experts reviews the latest developments in polymer crystallizationThe complexity of polymer crystallization has posed a long-standing challenge to the scientific community, demanding the development and application of a variety of microscopic, calorimetric, and spectroscopic experimental methods. By building our understanding of polymer crystallization, researchers have helped fuel the advancement of nanoscience and nanotechnology.Offering a comprehensive review of the field, Handbook of Polymer Crystallization examines the latest discoveries, helping readers not only understand polymer crystallization, but also take full advantage of the phenomenon in order to design new materials and develop new applications. The book also explores the many problems that can arise during the crystallization process, setting forth tested and proven solutions to achieve desired results.Handbook of Polymer Crystallization features contributions from an international team of thermoplastic polymer scientists and covers such topics as:* Experimental techniques for studies of polymer crystallization* Structure of crystalline polymers, kinetics of nucleation, and growth of the crystalline phase* Molecular modeling of polymer crystallization and crystallization kinetics* Crystallization in copolymers, miscible and immiscible polymer blends, and polymer composites* Crystallization under confinement* Effect of flow on crystallizationFigures provided throughout the book help illustrate the core principles and mechanisms of polymer crystallization. In addition, references at the end of each chapter guide readers to the primary literature in order to investigate individual topics in greater depth.Examining the most important developments in polymer crystallization, this book is recommended for all thermoplastic polymers researchers, offering them the foundation needed to make their own discoveries. Zusammenfassung Polymeric crystals are more complex in nature than other materials' crystal structures due to significant structural disorder present. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface xiii Contributors xv 1 Experimental Techniques 1 Benjamin S. Hsiao, Feng Zuo, and Yimin Mao, Christoph Schick 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Optical Microscopy, 2 1.2.1 Reflection and Transmission Microscopy, 2 1.2.2 Contrast Modes, 2 1.2.3 Selected Applications, 3 1.3 Electron Microscopy, 5 1.3.1 Imaging Principle, 5 1.3.2 Sample Preparation, 6 1.3.3 Relevant Experimental Techniques, 7 1.3.4 Selected Applications, 8 1.4 Atomic Force Microscopy, 9 1.4.1 Imaging Principle, 9 1.4.2 Scanning Modes, 9 1.4.3 Comparison between AFM and EM, 10 1.4.4 Recent Development: Video AFM, 10 1.4.5 Selected Applications, 10 1.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 12 1.5.1 Chemical Shift, 13 1.5.2 Relevant Techniques, 13 1.5.3 Recent Development: Multidimensional NMR, 14 1.5.4 Selected Applications, 14 1.6 Scattering Techniques: X-Ray, Light, and Neutron, 15 1.6.1 Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction, 15 1.6.2 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering, 17 1.6.3 Small-Angle Light Scattering, 19 1.6.4 Small-Angl...
List of contents
Preface xiii
Contributors xv
1 Experimental Techniques 1
Benjamin S. Hsiao, Feng Zuo, and Yimin Mao, Christoph Schick
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.2 Optical Microscopy, 2
1.3 Electron Microscopy, 5
1.4 Atomic Force Microscopy, 9
1.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 12
1.6 Scattering Techniques: X-Ray, Light, and Neutron, 15
1.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetry, 22
1.8 Summary, 25
Acknowledgments, 26
References, 26
2 Crystal Structures of Polymers 31
Claudio De Rosa and Finizia Auriemma
2.1 Constitution and Confi guration of Polymer Chains, 31
2.2 Conformation of Polymer Chains in Crystals and Conformational Polymorphism, 33
2.3 Packing of Macromolecules in Polymer Crystals, 43
2.4 Symmetry Breaking, 49
2.5 Packing Effects on the Conformation of Polymer Chains in the Crystals: The Case of Aliphatic Polyamides, 50
2.6 Defects and Disorder in Polymer Crystals, 55
2.7 Crystal Habits, 60
Acknowledgments, 67
References, 67
3 Structure of Polycrystalline Aggregates 73
Buckley Crist
3.1 Introduction, 73
3.2 Crystals Grown from Solution, 75
3.3 Crystals and Aggregates Grown from Molten Films, 94
3.4 Spherulitic Aggregates, 104
Acknowledgments, 121
References, 121
4 Polymer Nucleation 125
Kiyoka N. Okada and Masamichi Hikosaka
4.1 Introduction, 126
4.2 Classical Nucleation Theory, 126
4.3 Direct Observation of Nano-Nucleation by Synchrotron Radiation, 128
4.4 Improvement of Nucleation Theory, 135
4.5 Homogeneous Nucleation from the Bulk Melt under Elongational Flow, 139
4.6 Heterogeneous Nucleation, 148
4.7 Effect of Entanglement Density on the Nucleation Rate, 156
4.8 Conclusion, 160
Acknowledgments, 161
References, 161
5 Growth of Polymer Crystals 165
Kohji Tashiro
5.1 Introduction, 165
5.2 Growth of Polymer Crystals from Solutions, 167
5.3 Growth of Polymer Crystals from Melt, 169
5.4 Crystallization Mechanism of Polymer, 173
5.5 Microscopically Viewed Structural Evolution in the Growing Polymer Crystals, 178
5.6 Crystallization upon Heating from the Glassy State, 189
5.7 Crystallization Phenomenon Induced by Tensile Force, 191
5.8 Photoinduced Formation and Growth of Polymer Crystals, 191
5.9 Conclusion, 192
References, 193
6 Computer Modeling of Polymer Crystallization 197
Gregory C. Rutledge
6.1 Introduction, 197
6.2 Methods, 198
6.3 Single-Chain Behavior in Crystallization, 202
6.4 Crystallization from the Melt, 204
6.5 Crystallization under Deformation or Flow, 208
6.6 Concluding Remarks, 210
References, 211
7 Overall Crystallization Kinetics 215
Ewa Piorkowska and Andrzej Galeski
7.1 Introduction, 215
7.2 Measurements, 216
7.3 Simulation, 217
7.4 Theories: Isothermal and Nonisothermal Crystallization, 218
7.5 Complex Crystallization Conditions: General Models, 224
7.6 Factors Influencing the Overall Crystallization Kinetics, 224
7.7 Analysis of Crystallization Data, 230
7.8 Conclusions, 233
References, 234
8 Epitaxial Crystallization of Polymers: Means and Issues 237
Annette Thierry and Bernard A. Lotz
8.1 Introduction and History, 237
8.2 Means of Investigation of Epitaxial Crystallization, 239
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"I believe that this book will stimulate further much deeper investigation and effective collaboration in this field." ( Materials Views , 3 February 2014)
