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Electricity from renewable sources of energy is plagued by fluctuations (due to variations in wind strength or the intensity of insolation) resulting in a lack of stability if the energy supplied from such sources is used in 'real time'. An important solution to this problem is to store the energy electrochemically (in a secondary battery or in hydrogen and its derivatives) and to make use of it in a controlled fashion at some time after it has been initially gathered and stored. Electrochemical battery storage systems are the major technologies for decentralized storage systems and hydrogen is the only solution for long-term storage systems to provide energy during extended periods of low wind speeds or solar insolation. Future electricity grid design has to include storage systems as a major component for grid stability and for security of supply. The technology of systems designed to achieve this regulation of the supply of renewable energy, and a survey of the markets that they will serve, is the subject of this book. It includes economic aspects to guide the development of technology in the right direction.
List of contents
Introduction - Renewable energies, markets and storage technology classification
1. Renewable Energies for power generation - Technologies, potentials, needs for balancing power
2. Classification of technologies for balancing power in grids
3. Challenges for the power supply systems - grid restrictions, demand side management, conventional power plant operation
4. Existing markets and operation profiles for grid connected storage systems - Primary control, secondary control, minute reserve, energy trading, power plant scheduling, UPS systems, self-consumption
5. Existing markets for storage systems in off-grid applications
6. Review on the need of storage capacities depending on the share of renewable energies
Storage Technologies
7. Overview about non-electrochemical storage technologies
8. Hydrogen production from renewable energies - electrolyser technologies
9. Hydrogen storage technologies
10. Hydrogen conversion into electricity and thermal use
11. Reversible fuel cell
12. Energy carriers made from hydrogen
13. Lead-Acid Battery Energy Storage
14. Nickel-cadmium Battery Energy Storage
15. Sodium High Temperature Batteries Energy Storage
16. Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage
17. Redox Flow Battery Energy Storage
18. Metal storage / Metal air (Zn, Al, Mg, Li)
19. Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors
System Aspects20. Battery management and battery diagnostics
21. Life cycle cost calculation and comparison for different reference cases and market segments
22. 'Double use' storage systems - 'PV Self-Consumption' and 'Vehicle to Grid'
About the author
Pat was awarded a Ph. D. for crystal structure analysis in 1968 by the University of Durham, U.K., and a D. Sc. for research publications in materials science, by the same university, in 1994. He worked for 23 years at the Harwell Laboratory of the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority where he brought a background of crystal structure and materials chemistry to the study of lead-acid and other varieties of battery, thus supplementing the traditional electrochemical emphasis of the subject. From1995 he was Manager of Electrochemistry at the International Lead Zinc Research Organization in North Carolina and Program Manager of the Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium. In 2005 he also became President of the Consortium. Dr. Moseley was one of the editors of the Journal of Power Sources for 25 years from 1989 to 2014. In 2008 he was awarded the Gaston Planté medal by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.Jürgen Garche, graduated in chemistry at the Dresden University of Technology (DTU) in Germany in 1967. He was awarded his PhD in theoretical electrochemistry in 1970 and his habilitation in applied electrochemistry in 1980 from the same university. He worked at the DTU in the Electrochemical Power Sources Group for many years in different projects, mainly related to conventional batteries, before he moved 1991 to the Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research (ZSW) in Ulm, where he was, until 2004, the Head of the Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion Division.
He was Professor of Electrochemistry at Ulm University and Guest Professor at Shandong University – China, 2005, Sapienca University Roma - Italy, 2009, 2013, 2016, and 2023, TUM-CREATE – Singapore, 2014, 2015, 2016- 2016, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics - China, 2016, CNR Institute for Advanced Energy Technologies, Messina - Italy, 2019. After he retired from the ZSW he founded in 2004 the consulting firm Fuel Cell and Battery Consulting (FCBAT). Since 2015 he is senior professor at Ulm University. He has published more than 300 papers, 10 patents, and 11 books, among others as editor-in-chief of the first edition of Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources. He is listed in “World’s most Influential Scientific Minds” by Thomas Reuters (2014) and in the book “Profiles of 93 Influential Electrochemists” (2015).
