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A growing body of evidence from the sciences suggests that our moral beliefs have an evolutionary basis. To explain how human morality evolved, some philosophers have called for the study of morality to be naturalized, i.e., to explain it in terms of natural causes by looking at its historical and biological origins. The present literature has focused on the link between evolution and moral realism: if our moral beliefs enhance fitness, does this mean they track moral truths? In spite of the growing empirical evidence, these discussions tend to remain high-level: the mere fact that morality has evolved is often deemed enough to decide questions in normative and meta-ethics. This volume starts from the assumption that the details about the evolution of morality do make a difference, and asks how. It presents original essays by authors from various disciplines, including philosophy, anthropology, developmental psychology, and primatology, who write in conversation with neuroscience, sociology, and cognitive psychology.
List of contents
1. Situating empirically engaged evolutionary ethics (Johan De Smedt and Helen De Cruz).- Part I. The nuts and bolts of evolutionary ethics. 2. Dual-process theories, cognitive decoupling and the outcome-to-intent shift: A developmental perspective on evolutionary ethics (Gordon P. D. Ingram and Camilo Moreno-Romero).- 3. Not so hypocritical after all: Belief revision is adaptive and often unnoticed (Neil Levy).- 4. The chimpanzee stone accumulation ritual and the evolution of moral behavior (James B. Harrod).- Part II. The evolution of moral cognition . 5. Morality as an Evolutionary Exaptation (Marcus Arvan).- 6. Social animals and the potential for morality: On the cultural exaptation of behavioral capacities required for normativity (Estelle Palao).- 7. Against the evolutionary debunking of morality: Deconstructing a philosophical myth (Alejandro Rosas).- Part III. The cultural evolution of morality. 8. The culturalevolution of extended benevolence (Andrés Carlos Luco).- 9. The contingency of the cultural evolution of morality, debunking, and theism vs. naturalism (Matthew Braddock).- 10. Morality as cognitive scaffolding in the nucleus of the Mesoamerican cosmovision (Alfredo Robles-Zamora).
About the author
Johan De Smedt has co-authored A natural history of natural theology. The cognitive science of theology and philosophy of religion (MIT Press, 2015) and
The Challenge of Evolution to Religion (Cambridge University Press, 2020), and published empirically-informed philosophy of science, religion, and art.
Helen De Cruz is holder of the Danforth Chair in the Humanities at Saint Louis University, Missouri, US. Her publications are in empirically-informed philosophy of cognitive science, philosophy of religion, social epistemology, and metaphilosophy. She is author of, recently,
Religious Disagreement (Cambridge University Press, 2020), and co-editor of
Philosophy through Science Fiction Stories. Exploring the Boundaries of the Possible (Bloomsbury, 2021).
