Ultrasound Technology for Clinical Practitioners

Ultrasound Technology for Clinical Practitioners
 
A hands-on and practical roadmap to ultrasound technology for clinical practitioners who use it every day
 
In Ultrasound Technology for Clinical Practitioners, distinguished medical physicist and vascular ultrasound scientist Crispian Oates delivers an accessible and practical resource written for the everyday clinical user of ultrasound. The book offers complete descriptions of the latest techniques in ultrasound, including ultrafast ultrasound and elastography, providing an up-to-date and relevant resource for educators, students, and practitioners alike.
 
Ultrasound Technology for Clinical Practitioners uses a first-person perspective that walks readers through a relevant and memorable story containing necessary information, simplifying retention and learning. It makes extensive use of bulleted lists, diagrams, and images, and relies on mathematics and equations only where necessary to illustrate the relationship between other factors. Physics examples come from commonly known contexts that readers can relate to their everyday lives, and additional description boxes offer optional, helpful info in some topic areas.
 
Readers will also find:
* A thorough introduction to the foundational physics of ultrasound, as well as the propagation of the ultrasound pulse through tissue
* Comprehensive discussions of beam shapes, transducers, imaging techniques, and pulse echo instrumentation
* In-depth examination of image quality and artefacts and the principles of Doppler and colour Doppler ultrasound
* Fulsome treatments of measurement taking and safety and quality assurance in ultrasound
 
Perfect for sonographers, echocardiographers, and vascular scientists, Ultrasound Technology for Clinical Practitioners will also earn a place in the libraries of radiologists, cardiologists, emergency medicine specialists, and all other clinical users of ultrasound.

List of contents

Acknowledgments xvii
 
List of Abbreviations xix
 
Introduction 1
 
Chapter 1 The Basic Physics of Ultrasound 5
 
Sound Waves 5
 
Describing Waves 9
 
Energy in a Sound Wave 11
 
Ultrasound Pulses 12
 
Energy Spectrum of a Pulse 13
 
Bandwidth 14
 
Speed of Sound (C) 16
 
Characteristic Acoustic Impedance, Z0 20
 
Energy in a Sound Wave 22
 
Decibels 23
 
Chapter 2 The Interaction of Ultrasound with Tissue 25
 
Reflection and Transmission at a Plane Interface 25
 
Poor Visualisation 29
 
Scattering 30
 
Attenuation 34
 
The Journey of the Ultrasound Pulse 37
 
User Control 37
 
References 38
 
Chapter 3 Beam Shapes 39
 
Simple Beam Shape Model 40
 
Huygen's Wavelet Model and Diffraction 43
 
Focusing 44
 
Beam Forming with Transducer Arrays 47
 
Beam Steering 50
 
Electronic Focusing 52
 
Resolution 54
 
Clutter 58
 
Reference 58
 
Chapter 4 The Ultrasound Probe 59
 
The Transducer 59
 
Backing Layer 62
 
Matching Layer 63
 
Front Face Lens 65
 
Wide Band Transducers 65
 
Construction of an Array 66
 
CMUT Technology 66
 
1-D, 1.5-D, and 2-D Arrays 68
 
References 72
 
Chapter 5 Image Formation 73
 
Image Modes 74
 
Linear Image Formation 76
 
3D Imaging 80
 
Cine Loop 82
 
Endoprobes 82
 
Choosing A Probe 84
 
Focusing 84
 
Increasing Frame Rate 86
 
User Control 86
 
Ultrasound Harmonics 89
 
Coded Excitation 92
 
References 94
 
Chapter 6 The B-Mode Scanner 95
 
Transmission Side of a Scanner 95
 
User Controls 96
 
Receive Side of a Scanner (Rx) 97
 
Advantages of Digitising 101
 
Dynamic Range and Transfer Function (Greyscale Mapping) 102
 
Contrast Resolution 106
 
User Controls 106
 
Image Memory 106
 
Frame Freeze 106
 
Read and Write Zoom 107
 
Image Processing 108
 
User Control 108
 
Chapter 7 Image Quality and Artefacts 111
 
Acoustic Window 111
 
Frame Rate: Frames Per Second (fps) 112
 
Interlacing Scan Lines 113
 
Interpolation - Writing in 'Extra Lines' 114
 
Speckle 115
 
Frame Averaging or Persistence 116
 
User Control 117
 
Spatial Compound Imaging 117
 
Adaptive Filtering 118
 
Artefacts 122
 
Speed of Sound Artefacts 122
 
Attenuation Artefacts 127
 
Reflection Artefacts 130
 
Anisotropy 134
 
Beam Shape Artefacts 135
 
Temporal Artefacts 137
 
Final Example 139
 
References 140
 
Chapter 8 Principles of Doppler Ultrasound 141
 
The Doppler Effect 141
 
The Doppler Equation 143
 
Duplex Ultrasound 144
 
CW Doppler 145
 
CW Doppler Summary 152
 
Pulsed Wave Doppler (PW Doppler) and Range Gating 152
 
Intrinsic Spectral Broadening (ISB) 160
 
Question: What Doppler Angle Should We Use? 162
 
User Controls 163
 
Peak Velocity Envelope 165
 
Average Velocity 167
 
Doppler Artefacts 170
 
References 173
 
Chapter 9 Principles of Colour Doppler Ultrasound 175
 
Autocorrelation 177
 
Colour Scale 180
 
Frame Rate 181
 
User Controls 181
 
CDU and the Doppler Angle 183<

About the author

Crispian Oates is a Medical Physicist and Clinical Scientist in ultrasound. He helped devise the physics and technology curriculum for the Vascular Ultrasound track of the NHS Scientist Training Programme and sits on the Consortium for the Accreditation of Sonographic Education CASE. He is also a vascular ultrasound scientist at the Vascular Laboratories in Newcastle, Sunderland, and Durham in the United Kingdom.

Summary

Ultrasound Technology for Clinical Practitioners

A hands-on and practical roadmap to ultrasound technology for clinical practitioners who use it every day

In Ultrasound Technology for Clinical Practitioners, distinguished medical physicist and vascular ultrasound scientist Crispian Oates delivers an accessible and practical resource written for the everyday clinical user of ultrasound. The book offers complete descriptions of the latest techniques in ultrasound, including ultrafast ultrasound and elastography, providing an up-to-date and relevant resource for educators, students, and practitioners alike.

Ultrasound Technology for Clinical Practitioners uses a first-person perspective that walks readers through a relevant and memorable story containing necessary information, simplifying retention and learning. It makes extensive use of bulleted lists, diagrams, and images, and relies on mathematics and equations only where necessary to illustrate the relationship between other factors. Physics examples come from commonly known contexts that readers can relate to their everyday lives, and additional description boxes offer optional, helpful info in some topic areas.

Readers will also find:
* A thorough introduction to the foundational physics of ultrasound, as well as the propagation of the ultrasound pulse through tissue
* Comprehensive discussions of beam shapes, transducers, imaging techniques, and pulse echo instrumentation
* In-depth examination of image quality and artefacts and the principles of Doppler and colour Doppler ultrasound
* Fulsome treatments of measurement taking and safety and quality assurance in ultrasound

Perfect for sonographers, echocardiographers, and vascular scientists, Ultrasound Technology for Clinical Practitioners will also earn a place in the libraries of radiologists, cardiologists, emergency medicine specialists, and all other clinical users of ultrasound.

Product details

• Authors: C Oates, Crispian Oates, Crispian (Newcastle University Oates, Oates Crispian
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 31.10.2022
• EAN: 9781119891550
• ISBN: 978-1-119-89155-0
• No. of pages: 384
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Medicine > Non-clinical medicine; Non-fiction book > Nature, technology > Astronomy: general, reference works; Physik, Medizin, Ultraschall, ULTRASOUND, Physics, Biomedical engineering, Medical Science, Bildgebende Verfahren i. d. Biomedizin, Biomedical Imaging, Biomedizintechnik, Physik in Medizin u. Gesundheitswesen, Medical & Health Physics