Gas Hydrate in Water Treatment - Technological, Economic, and Industrial Aspects

GAS HYDRATE IN WATER TREATMENT
 
Explores current progress in the expanding field of gas hydrate-based desalination
 
As potable water shortages continue to affect billions of people worldwide, seawater desalination and wastewater treatment have the potential to meet freshwater demands in the near future. Gas hydrate-based desalination, a process which requires CO2 and water as solvent, has become an increasingly popular approach--desalination with hydrates is environmentally friendly and can produce cheaper desalted water than other existing conventional technologies.
 
Gas Hydrate in Water Treatment: Technological, Economic, and Industrial Aspects provides detailed, up-to-date reference to the application of gas hydrates in wastewater and seawater desalination treatment. Edited by experienced researchers in the field, this comprehensive volume describes the fundamental aspects of desalination and summarizes the latest research on gas hydrate-based desalination. The authors address a broad range of key topics, including issues related to water scarcity, post-treatment of desalinated water using both conventional and new technologies, hydrate-based desalination methods driven by renewable energy sources, and more.
* Provides thorough coverage of the technological, waste brine management, economic, and renewable energy and remineralization aspects of gas hydrate-based wastewater treatment
* Describes the energetic, economic, and environmental impact of gas hydrate desalination
* Explains the core concepts of gas hydrate-based desalination to help readers evaluate the performance of existing desalination processes
* Discusses the advantages and challenges of hydrate-based water treatment
* Compares conventional and gas hydrate technologies used in water treatment
* Reviews the most recent research in gas hydrate-based desalination
 
Gas Hydrate in Water Treatment: Technological, Economic, and Industrial Aspects is an essential resource for all academics, researchers, process engineers, designers, industry professionals, and advanced students in the field.

List of contents

Preface xiii
 
1 Introduction to Desalination 1
Jesa Singh, Vinayagam Sivabalan, and Bhajan Lal
 
1.1 Coping with Water Scarcity 1
 
1.2 Origin of Gas Hydrates 4
 
1.3 Concept of Hydrate Formation 5
 
1.4 Application of Gas Hydrate in Desalination 7
 
1.5 Phase Behavior and Thermodynamic Measurement 7
 
1.6 Kinetics of Hydrate Formation 8
 
1.6.1 Induction Time 10
 
1.6.2 Moles of Gas Used Up 10
 
1.6.3 Rate of Hydrate Formation 11
 
1.6.4 Water to Hydrate Conversion 11
 
1.7 Hydrate Decomposition 12
 
2 Technologies in Desalination 15
Jai Krishna Sahith and Bhajan Lal
 
2.1 Introduction 15
 
2.2 Conventional Desalination Methods 15
 
2.2.1 Multistage Flash Desalination 15
 
2.2.2 Multi-effect Desalination 19
 
2.2.3 Reverse Osmosis 21
 
2.2.4 Other Desalination Methods 23
 
2.3 Gas Hydrate-based Desalination 26
 
3 Prospectives on Gas Hydrates-based Desalination 31
Jesa Singh and Bhajan Lal
 
3.1 Introduction 31
 
3.2 General Proposed Gas Hydrate-based Desalination Design 32
 
3.2.1 Design 1 32
 
3.2.2 Jacketed Reactor Designs 33
 
3.2.2.1 Design 1 33
 
3.2.2.2 Design 2 36
 
3.2.3 Silica Sand Bed Crystallizer Reactor Design 39
 
3.2.3.1 Design 1 39
 
3.2.3.2 Design 2 41
 
3.2.3.3 Design 3 42
 
3.2.4 Stirred Reactor Design 43
 
3.2.4.1 Design 1 43
 
3.2.4.2 Design 2 45
 
3.2.4.3 Design 3 47
 
3.2.5 Novel Reactor Design 50
 
4 Hydrate Promoters in Gas Hydrate-based Desalination 55
Sirisha Nallakukkala and Bhajan Lal
 
4.1 Chemical Additives in Desalination 55
 
4.2 Overview of Gas Hydrate Additives in the Desalination Process 57
 
4.3 Favorable Conditions Used to Determine Suitable Hydrating Agents 58
 
4.4 Formers and Promoters in Hydrate-based Desalination 58
 
4.5 Hydrate Formers Investigation 64
 
4.5.1 Gaseous Hydrate Formers 64
 
4.5.2 Liquid Hydrate Formers 65
 
4.5.3 Functional Additives 66
 
4.6 Conclusion 68
 
5 Modeling of Seawater Desalination by Gas Hydrate Method 77
Sirisha Nallakukkala and Bhajan Lal
 
5.1 Introduction 77
 
5.2 Gas Hydrate Thermodynamic and Kinetic models 78
 
5.3 Statistical Thermodynamic Modeling of Hydrate Equilibrium 79
 
5.3.1 Modeling Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Cyclopentane Hydrates in the Presence of Salts 84
 
5.3.1.1 Standard Freezing Point Depression Calculation 85
 
5.3.1.2 Hu-Lee-Sum Correlation 85
 
5.3.1.3 Kihara Approach 86
 
5.3.1.4 Activity-Based Occupancy Correlation Approach 86
 
5.3.2 Modeling of Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Mixed Cyclopentane/Carbon Dioxide Hydrates 87
 
5.4 Kinetic Models for Hydrate Formation 88
 
5.4.1 Mathematical Model for Seawater Desalination 88
 
5.4.2 Lattice Boltzmann Model for Hydrate Formation 92
 
5.5 Machine Learning Models to Predict Desalination Efficiency 95
 
5.5.1 Machine Learning Techniques to Model Hydrate-based Desalination 95
 
5.5.2 Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System 95
 
5.5.2.1 Layer 1: Input Membership Function Layer 96
 
5.5.2.2 Layer 2: Product Layer 97
 
5.5.2.3 Layer 3: Normalization Layer 97
 
5.5.2.4 Layer 4: Output Membership Function Layer 97
 
5.5.2.5 Layer 5: Overall Output Layer 98
 
5.5.3 SVM Approach 98
 
5.5.4 Genetic Algorithm 99
 
5.5.5 Conclusion 100
 
6 Gas Hydrates in Wastewater Treatment 113
Adeel Ur Rehman, Dzulkarnain B Za

About the author

Bhajan Lal, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer, Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia. He is a core research member of the Carbon Dioxide Research Centre at the UTP Institute of Contaminant Management. After receiving his PhD degree from JMI, Central University, India, he worked as postdoctoral research fellow and Research Scientist in USA, Canada, South Africa, Turkey, and Malaysia. His main areas of research interests are gas hydrates and their applications in CO₂ capture and storage, natural gas storage, flow assurance, Desalination. He graduated five MSc, seven PhD, and one postdoc students since 2013. He has published 90 peer-reviewed journal papers, 45 conference papers, and 4 book chapters and two books titled Chemical Additives for Gas Hydrates and Application of ionic liquids in Flow assurance. Dr. Lal has secured consultancy projects and delivered short courses on gas hydrate in flow assurance and machine learning in flow assurance. In addition, as project leader, he has secured eight gas hydrate-related research projects worth RM 2.3 million from oil and gas industries, UTP, and the Malaysian Government.
Sirisha Nallakukkala is a Research Fellow and Graduate Assistant at Research Centre for CO₂ Capture (RCCO2C), Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia. She holds an ME in Chemical Engineering from McNeese State University, USA and is also a recipient of Graduate Academic Scholarship and B.Tech in Chemical Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad. She has worked as a process engineer and as an academician prior to pursuing her PhD. Her main research areas are desalination, gas hydrates, and separation techniques.

Summary

GAS HYDRATE IN WATER TREATMENT

Explores current progress in the expanding field of gas hydrate-based desalination

As potable water shortages continue to affect billions of people worldwide, seawater desalination and wastewater treatment have the potential to meet freshwater demands in the near future. Gas hydrate-based desalination, a process which requires CO2 and water as solvent, has become an increasingly popular approach--desalination with hydrates is environmentally friendly and can produce cheaper desalted water than other existing conventional technologies.

Gas Hydrate in Water Treatment: Technological, Economic, and Industrial Aspects provides detailed, up-to-date reference to the application of gas hydrates in wastewater and seawater desalination treatment. Edited by experienced researchers in the field, this comprehensive volume describes the fundamental aspects of desalination and summarizes the latest research on gas hydrate-based desalination. The authors address a broad range of key topics, including issues related to water scarcity, post-treatment of desalinated water using both conventional and new technologies, hydrate-based desalination methods driven by renewable energy sources, and more.
* Provides thorough coverage of the technological, waste brine management, economic, and renewable energy and remineralization aspects of gas hydrate-based wastewater treatment
* Describes the energetic, economic, and environmental impact of gas hydrate desalination
* Explains the core concepts of gas hydrate-based desalination to help readers evaluate the performance of existing desalination processes
* Discusses the advantages and challenges of hydrate-based water treatment
* Compares conventional and gas hydrate technologies used in water treatment
* Reviews the most recent research in gas hydrate-based desalination

Gas Hydrate in Water Treatment: Technological, Economic, and Industrial Aspects is an essential resource for all academics, researchers, process engineers, designers, industry professionals, and advanced students in the field.

Product details

• Authors: B Lal, Bhajan Lal, Bhajan (Universiti Teknologi Petronas (Utp) Lal, Bhajan Nallakukkala Lal, Sirisha Nallakukkala
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 31.05.2022
• EAN: 9781119866114
• ISBN: 978-1-119-86611-4
• No. of pages: 304
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Technology > Structural and environmental engineering; Chemie, Wasseraufbereitung, Prozesssteuerung, chemistry, Chemical Engineering, chemische Verfahrenstechnik, Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen, Civil Engineering & Construction, Wastewater Purification, Abwasserbehandlung, Sustainable Chemistry & Green Chemistry, Nachhaltige u. Grüne Chemie, Process Engineering, Gashydrat