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For much of the nation's history, the participation of blacks in the armed forces was approximately in line with their proportion in the total population. This changed during the 1970s: by 1980 one of every three Army Gls and one of every five marines were black. The reaction has been mixed.
Many Americans look with approval on the growth of black participation in military service, since it often affords young blacks educational, social, and financial opportunities that constitute a bridge to a better life not otherwise available to them. But for other Americans, the opportunities are outweighed by the disproportionate imposition of the burden of defense on a segment of the population that has not enjoyed a fair share of the benefits that society confers. From this perspective, the likelihood that blacks would suffer at least a third-and perhaps a half-of the combat fatalities in the initial stages of conflict is considered immoral, unethical, or otherwise contrary to the precepts of democratic institutions.
Some also worry that military forces with such a high fraction of blacks entail risks to U.S. national security. A socially unrepresentative force, it is argued, may lack the cohesion considered vital to combat effectiveness. Others fear that such a force would be unreliable if it were deployed in situations that would test the allegiance of its minority members. And some have even expressed concern that a large proportion of blacks may raise questions about the status of U.S fighting forces, as judged by the American public, the nation's allies, and its adversaries.
The authors of this book examine evidence on both sides of the issue in an effort to bring objective scrutiny to bear on questions that for many years have been loaded with emotion and subjective reaction. They also discuss the implications for the military's racial composition of demographic, economic, and technological trends and the possible effects of returning to some form of conscription.
List of contents
Contents:
The Setting
2. From Bunker Hill to Vietnam
The First Three Centuries
World War II and Korea: The Fight for the Right to Fight
Vietnam and the New Era of Racial Representation
3. Blacks in the Post-Vietnam Army
Recruitment and Retention
Profile of Black Volunteers
4. Benefits versus Burdens
Benefits of Military Service
Burdens of Military Service
5. Racial Composition and National Security
Individual Capabilities
Group Performance
Foreign Perceptions and Reactions
6. Looking Ahead
Ethnodemographic Trends
Tested Abilities and Aptitudes
Economic Factors
Technological Trends
The Prospective Military Buildup
Military Manpower Policies
7. The Policy Dilemma
Appendixes
A. Racial-Ethnic Categories in the Armed Forces
B. Statistical Tables
About the author
Martin Binkin, a senior fellow in the Brookings Foreign Policy program, is the author or coauthor of eight previous Studies in Defense Policy.
Mark J. Eitelberg is a senior scientist with the Human Resources Research Organization.
Alvin J. Schexnider is associate dean of the School of Community and Public Affairs at Virginia Commonwealth University, and Marvin M. Smith is a research associate in the Brookings Economic Studies program.
Summary
The authors of this book bring objective scrutiny to bear on questions that for many years have been loaded with emotion and subjective reactions. They also discuss the implications for the military's racial composition of demographic, economic, and technological trends and the possible effects of returning to some form of conscription.
