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Since the early 2000s, energy and environmental issues have led to a marked increase in electricity production from renewable energy sources. Sustainable development and concern for future generations constantly challenge us to develop new technologies for energy production, as well as new energy usage patterns. Their rapid emergence can make these new technologies difficult to understand and can thus affect perceptions.
Directed towards a broad audience, this book contributes to a better understanding of new electricity generation technologies. It presents the issues, sources and means of conversion using a general approach, while developing scientific concepts to understand their main technical characteristics.
This revised and extended second edition presents current data characterizing the development of these renewable energy sources, covering emerging photovoltaic and tidal technologies, offshore wind power, and recent developments on the integration of these sources into the electricity grid. The emergence of self-production and self-consumption is also addressed. In addition, several exercises provide the reader with an opportunity to evaluate their understanding.
List of contents
Foreword xi
Bernard MULTON
Introduction xiii
Benoît ROBYNS
Chapter 1. Electricity Production from Renewable Energy 1
Benoît ROBYNS
1.1. Decentralized or centralized production? 1
1.1.1. Decentralized production 1
1.1.2. Centralized production 2
1.2. The issue of renewable energies 3
1.2.1. Observations 3
1.2.2. The sustainable development context 6
1.2.3. Commitments and perspectives 7
1.3. Renewable energy sources 10
1.3.1. Wind energy 10
1.3.2. Solar energy 11
1.3.3. Hydraulics 12
1.3.4. Geothermal energy 13
1.3.5. Biomass 13
1.3.6. Contribution of the various renewable energies 14
1.4. Production of electricity from renewable energies 15
1.4.1. Electricity supply chains 15
1.4.2. Efficiency factor 18
1.5. Self-production and self-consumption of energy 19
1.6. References 20
Chapter 2. Solar Photovoltaic Power 21
Arnaud DAVIGNY
2.1. Introduction 21
2.2. Characteristics of the primary resource 23
2.3. Photovoltaic conversion 29
2.3.1. Introduction 29
2.3.2. Photovoltaic effect 29
2.3.3. Photovoltaic cells 32
2.3.4. Cell association 56
2.4. Maximum electric power extraction 62
2.5. Power converters 66
2.5.1. Introduction 66
2.5.2. Structure of the photovoltaic conversion chains 67
2.5.3. Choppers 69
2.5.4. Inverters 73
2.6. Adjustment of the active and reactive power 78
2.7. Solar power stations 79
2.7.1. Introduction 79
2.7.2. Autonomous power stations 79
2.7.3. Power stations connected to the network 81
2.8. Exercises 84
2.8.1. Characteristics of a photovoltaic panel 84
2.8.2. Sizing an autonomous photovoltaic installation 86
2.9. References 89
Chapter 3. Wind Power 93
Bruno FRANÇOIS and Benoît ROBYNS
3.1. Characteristic of the primary resource 93
3.1.1. Variability 93
3.1.2. The Weibull distribution 94
3.1.3. The effect of relief 97
3.1.4. Loading rate 98
3.1.5. Compass card 99
3.2. Kinetic wind energy 100
3.3. Wind turbines 102
3.3.1. Horizontal axis wind turbines 102
3.3.2. Vertical axis wind turbines 109
3.3.3. Comparison of the various turbine types 113
3.4. Power limitation by varying the power coefficient 114
3.4.1. The "pitch" or variable pitch angle system 114
3.4.2. The "stall" or aerodynamic stall system 116
3.5. Mechanical couplings between the turbine and the electric generator 117
3.5.1. Connection between mechanical speed, synchronous speed and electrical network frequency 117
3.5.2. "Direct drive" wind turbines (without a multiplier) 119
3.5.3. Use of a speed multiplier 119
3.6. Generalities on induction and mechanical electric conversion 120
3.7. "Fixed speed" wind turbines based on induction machines 122
3.7.1. Physical principle 122
3.7.2. Constitution of induction machines 123
3.7.3. Modeling 124
3.7.4. Conversion system 128
3.7.5. Operational characteristics 130
3.8. Variable speed wind turbine 131
3.8.1. Issues 131
3.8.2. Classification of the structures according to machine technologies 132
3.8.3. Principle of element sizing 135
3.8.4. Adjustment of active and reactive powers 136
3.8.5. Aerogenerators based on a doubly-
About the author
Benoit Robyns is Deputy Scientific Director at Junia Graduate School of Engineering, Vice President of Energy and Societal Transition at Lille Catholic University and Head of the Power Systems Team at L2EP.
Arnaud Davigny is a lecturer at Junia Graduate School of Engineering and a researcher at L2EP.
Bruno Francois is Professor in Electrical Engineering at Centrale Lille Institute and a researcher at L2EP.
Antoine Henneton is Head of the Project and Valorisation Hub at Junia Graduate School of Engineering.
Jonathan Sprooten is a Power System Planning team manager with the department of Grid Development of Elia, the Belgian transmission system operator.
Summary
Since the early 2000s, energy and environmental issues have led to a marked increase in electricity production from renewable energy sources. Sustainable development and concern for future generations constantly challenge us to develop new technologies for energy production, as well as new energy usage patterns. Their rapid emergence can make these new technologies difficult to understand and can thus affect perceptions.
Directed towards a broad audience, this book contributes to a better understanding of new electricity generation technologies. It presents the issues, sources and means of conversion using a general approach, while developing scientific concepts to understand their main technical characteristics.
This revised and extended second edition presents current data characterizing the development of these renewable energy sources, covering emerging photovoltaic and tidal technologies, offshore wind power, and recent developments on the integration of these sources into the electricity grid. The emergence of self-production and self-consumption is also addressed. In addition, several exercises provide the reader with an opportunity to evaluate their understanding.
