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A GUIDE TO NOISE IN MICROWAVE CIRCUITS
A fulsome exploration of critical considerations in microwave circuit noise
In A Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits: Devices, Circuits, and Measurement, a team of distinguished researchers deliver a comprehensive introduction to noise in microwave circuits, with a strong focus on noise characterization of devices and circuits. The book describes fluctuations beginning with their physical origin and touches on the general description of noise in linear and non-linear circuits.
Several chapters are devoted to the description of noise measurement techniques and the interpretation of measured data. A full chapter is dedicated to noise sources as well, including thermal, shot, plasma, and current.
A Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits offers examples of measurement problems--like low noise block (LNB) of satellite television - and explores equipment and measurement methods, like the Y, cold source, and 7-state method. This book also includes:
* A thorough introduction to foundational terms in microwave circuit noise, including average values, amplitude distribution, autocorrelation, cross-correlation, and noise spectra
* Comprehensive explorations of common noise sources, including thermal noise, the Nyquist formula and thermal radiation, shot noise, plasma noise, and more
* Practical discussions of noise and linear networks, including narrowband noise
* In-depth examinations of calculation methods for noise quantities, including noise voltages, currents, and spectra, the noise correlation matrix, and the noise of simple passive networks
Perfect for graduate students specializing in microwave and wireless electronics, A Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits: Devices, Circuits, and Measurement will also earn a place in the libraries of professional engineers working in microwave or wireless circuits and system design.
List of contents
Author Biographies xiii
Preface xv
1 Introduction 1
Preliminary Remarks 1
History 6
References 7
2 Basic Terms 9
Average Values 9
Amplitude Distribution 10
Autocorrelation 12
Cross-Correlation 15
Noise Spectra 18
Autocorrelation Function and Spectral Power Density 19
Band-Limited Noise on the Spectrum Analyzer 20
References 22
3 Noise Sources 23
Thermal Noise 23
Nyquist Formula and Thermal Radiation 24
Validity and Experimental Confirmation of the Nyquist Formula 27
Thermal Noise Under Extreme Conditions 28
Shot Noise 29
Plasma Noise 33
Current Noise of Resistors and Contacts 34
Technical Resistors 34
Resistors Consisting of Semiconductor Material 36
Contact Noise 37
Generation-Recombination Noise 38
LF Noise from Transistors 40
References 42
4 Noise and Linear Networks 45
Narrowband Noise 45
Calculating with Phasors 45
Noise Source with Complex Internal Resistance 51
The Equivalent Noise Bandwidth 52
Network Components at Different Temperatures 54
Noise Generator and Attenuator 58
References 58
5 Nonlinear Networks 59
Mixing 59
Band-Limited RF Noise at Input 59
Amplitude Clipping 62
The Detector as a Nonlinear Network 63
The Noise Spectrum Behind a Quadratic Detector 65
The Noise Spectrum Behind a Linear Detector 69
The Sensitivity Limit 70
Noise with Signal 73
The Phase Sensitive Rectifier 74
Trace Averaging 76
References 78
6 The Noise Factor 79
Amplifier and Noise Power 79
The Noise FactorF 80
Cascaded Amplifiers 83
The Noise MeasureM 85
Definitions of Gain 85
Source and Load 89
Broadband and Spot Noise Factor 91
Noise Factor of a Passive Network 92
Antenna Temperature 93
The Reference Temperature T0 = 290 K 98
Noise Factor and Detection Limit 99
References 100
7 Noise of Linear Two-Ports 101
Representation of Two-Ports 101
Noise Modeling Using the Chain Matrix 102
References 108
8 Calculation Methods for Noise Quantities 109
Noise Voltages, Currents, and Spectra 109
Calculating with Current, Voltage, and Noise Waves 112
The Noise Correlation Matrix 115
The Correlation Matrix of Passive Components 117
The Noise of Simple Passive Networks 119
Transformation of Noise Sources in Different Network
Representations 128
Correlation Matrix and IEEE Elements 131
FET-Like Network with the Y-Correlation Matrix 134
Noise Sources at Input with ABCD Correlation Matrix 138
References 142
9 Diodes and Bipolar Transistors 143
Semiconductor Diode 143
Bipolar Transistor 145
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit 147
Hawkins BJT Noise Model 148
Two Approaches for the Collector Noise Current Source 155
BJT Noise Model with Correlation Matrices 157
The Pi-Model 157
The T-Model with Correlation Matrices 161
Transformation of the Y-Sources to the Input 165
Modeling of a Microwave Transistor with Correlation Matrices 168
Simplest Pi-Model 174
Contour Diagram 177
Transistor in the Circuit 179
About the author
Dr. Peter Heymann, retired, was the Head of the Microwave Measurement Laboratory at the Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH), Leibniz-Institute for High Frequency Technology in Berlin, Germany.
Dr. Matthias Rudolph, is Ulrich L. Rohde Professor for RF and Microwave Techniques at Brandenburg University of Technology in Cottbus, Germany. He heads the Low-Noise components laboratory at the FBH.
