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Klappentext Cited by more than 300 scholars, Statistical Reasoning in the Behavioral Sciences continues to provide streamlined resources and easy-to-understand information on statistics in the behavioral sciences and related fields, including psychology, education, human resources management, and sociology. Students and professionals in the behavioral sciences will develop an understanding of statistical logic and procedures, the properties of statistical devices, and the importance of the assumptions underlying statistical tools. This revised and updated edition continues to follow the recommendations of the APA Task Force on Statistical Inference and greatly expands the information on testing hypotheses about single means. The Seventh Edition moves from a focus on the use of computers in statistics to a more precise look at statistical software. The "Point of Controversy" feature embedded throughout the text provides current discussions of exciting and hotly debated topics in the field. Readers will appreciate how the comprehensive graphs, tables, cartoons and photographs lend vibrancy to all of the material covered in the text. Inhaltsverzeichnis PREFACE vii ABOUT THE BOOK AND AUTHORS x 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Descriptive Statistics, 3 1.2 Inferential Statistics, 3 1.3 Our Concern: Applied Statistics, 4 1.4 Variables and Constants, 5 1.5 Scales of Measurement, 6 1.6 Scales of Measurement and Problems of Statistical Treatment, 8 1.7 Do Statistics Lie?, 9 Point of Controversy: Are Statistical Procedures Necessary?, 11 1.8 Some Tips on Studying Statistics, 12 1.9 Statistics and Computers, 12 1.10 Summary, 13 2 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS, PERCENTILES, AND PERCENTILE RANKS 16 2.1 Organizing Qualitative Data, 16 2.2 Grouped Scores, 18 2.3 How to Construct a Grouped Frequency Distribution, 19 2.4 Apparent versus Real Limits, 21 2.5 The Relative Frequency Distribution, 21 2.6 The Cumulative Frequency Distribution, 22 2.7 Percentiles and Percentile Ranks, 24 2.8 Computing Percentiles from Grouped Data, 25 2.9 Computation of Percentile Rank, 28 2.10 Summary, 28 3 GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS 32 3.1 Basic Procedures, 32 3.2 The Histogram, 33 3.3 The Frequency Polygon, 34 3.4 Choosing between a Histogram and a Polygon, 35 3.5 The Bar Diagram and the Pie Chart, 37 3.6 The Cumulative Percentage Curve, 39 3.7 Factors Affecting the Shape of Graphs, 40 3.8 Shape of Frequency Distributions, 42 3.9 Summary, 43 4 CENTRAL TENDENCY 46 4.1 The Mode, 46 4.2 The Median, 47 4.3 The Mean, 48 4.4 Properties of the Mode, 49 4.5 Properties of the Mean, 50 Point of Controversy: Is It Permissible to Calculate the Mean for Tests in the Behavioral Sciences?, 51 4.6 Properties of the Median, 52 4.7 Measures of Central Tendency in Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Distributions, 53 4.8 The Effects of Score Transformations, 54 4.9 Summary, 55 5 VARIABILITY AND STANDARD (z) SCORES 58 5.1 The Range and Semi-Interquartile Range, 58 5.2 Deviation Scores, 60 5.3 Deviational Measures: The Variance, 61 5.4 Deviational Measures: The Standard Deviation, 62 5.5 Calculation of the Variance and Standard Deviation: Raw-Score Method, 63 5.6 Calculation of the Standard Deviation with SPSS, 64 Point of Controversy: Calculating the Sample Variance: Should We Divide by n or (n ¿ 1)?, 67 5.7 Properties of the Range and Semi-Interquartile Range, 68 5.8 Properties of the Standard Deviation, 68 5.9 How Big Is a Standard Deviation?, 69 5.10 Score Transformations and Measures of Variability, 69 5.11...
