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"The value of a pragmatist and relational view of normativity lies in two contributions. The first is that which escapes the 'co-constitutionalist' binary that is ontologically embedded in most existing IR theories of norms. Co-constitutionalist theories envision a world where norms are discrete social structures that are reflexively or recursively linked to the agency of individual actors. In other words, norms shape what people do and then in turn are shaped by those doings. This approach makes a great deal of sense in considering major revisions in how states conduct themselves, such as the emergence of movements for total bans on particular kinds of weapons or for an end to institutionalised practices such as slavery. It makes less sense, however, when actors deny that a new norm has emerged, even when they have embraced new practices that would previously have been widely considered counternormative. It also makes less sense when it is unclear to scholarly observers whether a norm is being violated, whether it has disappeared entirely, or whether it has changed in referent even if not in name. For cases such as these, clarity and analytical purchase is best found in breaking 'norms' down into their component social parts"--
List of contents
1. Introduction: Normative Transformation, Prohibitions, and International Politics; 2. A Theory of Normativity; 3. Tracing Normative Transformations; 4. Targeted Killing and Assassination; 5. Case 2: 'Enhanced Interrogation' and the Prohibition on Torture; 6. Private Military and Security Companies and the Prohibition on Mercenaries; 7. Conclusion: Normative Transformation, International Politics, and the World beyond Counterterrorism.
About the author
Simon Frankel Pratt is a Lecturer in Political Science, in the School of Social and Political Sciences, at the University of Melbourne. His recent articles have appeared in journals including International Theory, International Studies Quarterly, European Journal of International Relations, International Studies Review, and Terrorism and Political Violence.
Summary
Pratt investigates the potential erosion of prohibiting assassination, torture, and mercenarism during the US's War on Terrorism. In examining the emergence and history of the US's targeted killing programme, detention and interrogation programme, and employment of armed contractors in warzones, he proposes that a 'normative transformation' has occurred, which has changed the meaning and content of these prohibitions, even though they still exist. Drawing on pragmatist philosophy, practice theory, and relational sociology, this book develops a new theory of normativity and institutional change, and offers new data about the decisions and activities of security practitioners. It is both a critical and constructive addition to the current literature on norm change, and addresses enduring debates about the role of culture and ethical judgement in the use of force. It will appeal to students and scholars of foreign and defence policy, international relations theory, international security, social theory, and American politics.
