Statistics for Dental Clinicians

STATISTICS FOR DENTAL CLINICIANS
 
Enables clinicians to understand how biostatistics relate and apply to dental clinical practice
 
Statistics for Dental Clinicians helps dental practitioners to understand and interpret the scientific literature and apply the concepts to their clinical practice. Written using clear, accessible language, the book breaks down complex statistical and study design principles and demonstrates how statistics can inform clinical practice.
 
Chapters cover the basic building blocks of statistics, including clinical study designs, descriptive and inferential statistical concepts, and interpretation of study results, including differentiating between clinical and statistical significance. An extensive glossary of statistical terms, as well as graphs, figures, tables, and illustrations are included throughout to improve reader comprehension. Select readings accompany each chapter.
 
Statistics for Dental Clinicians includes information on:
* How to understand and interpret the scientific language used in the biomedical literature and statistical concepts that underlie evidence-based dentistry
* What is statistics and why do we need it, and how to effectively apply study results to clinical practice
* Understanding and interpreting standard deviations, standard errors, p-values, confidence intervals, sample sizes, correlations, survival analyses, probabilistic-based diagnosis, regression modeling, and patient-reported outcome measures
* Understanding and interpreting absolute risks, relative risks and odds ratios, as well as randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, meta-analysis, bias and confounding
 
With comprehensive coverage of a broad topic, written using accessible language and shining light on statistical complexity often found in writings related to clinical topics, Statistics for Dental Clinicians is an essential guide for any dental practitioner wishing to improve their understanding of the biomedical literature.

List of contents

Preamble xi
 
1 What is statistics and why do we need it? 1
 
Selected readings 7
 
2 Understanding and interpreting measures of association 8
 
Effect and effect size 8
 
Dichotomous outcome variables 9
 
Data presentation and interpretation 9
 
Absolute risk 9
 
Absolute risk difference 10
 
Relative risk or risk ratio 10
 
Odds ratio 11
 
Mean difference 11
 
A few additional notes 12
 
Selected readings 16
 
3 Understanding and interpreting a standard deviation and normal distribution 17
 
A few additional notes 22
 
Selected readings 23
 
4 Understanding and interpreting standard error 24
 
Interpretation of the standard error of the mean 25
 
Implication of the standard error of the mean 26
 
A few additional notes 26
 
Selected readings 29
 
5 Understanding and interpreting hypothesis testing and p-values 30
 
Descriptive and inferential statistics 30
 
Sampling error 31
 
Hypothesis testing or null hypothesis significance testing 31
 
Null and alternative hypotheses 32
 
Significance 33
 
P-value 34
 
A few additional notes 36
 
Selected readings 37
 
6 Understanding and interpreting a confidence interval 38
 
Understanding the confidence interval 39
 
How to interpret a confidence interval 39
 
A few additional notes 41
 
Selected readings 44
 
7 Understanding and interpreting power analysis and sample size 45
 
Sample size: Why is it important? 45
 
Components of a sample size calculation 46
 
Size of the effect 46
 
Significance level and type I error 47
 
Power and type II error 49
 
A few additional notes 50
 
Selected readings 53
 
8 Understanding and interpreting a survival analysis 54
 
Kaplan-Meier or survival curve 55
 
Comparing two Kaplan-Meier (survival) curves 57
 
Cox proportional hazard model 58
 
A few additional notes 59
 
Selected readings 60
 
9 Understanding and interpreting a probabilistic-based diagnosis 61
 
Sensitivity 61
 
Specificity 63
 
Positive predictive value 63
 
Negative predictive value 63
 
Likelihood ratios 65
 
Selective readings 68
 
10 Understanding and interpreting a correlation 69
 
Pearson product-moment correlation 69
 
Interpretation of Pearson correlation coefficients and coefficient of determination 71
 
Misinterpretation of correlations 73
 
A few additional notes 74
 
Selected readings 74
 
11 Understanding and interpreting a regression analysis 76
 
Estimation 76
 
Prediction 77
 
Linear regression 77
 
Multiple (or multivariable) linear (MLR) regression 79
 
Logistic regression 79
 
Predicting risk and odds 80
 
A hypothetical example: predicting risk and odds of an outcome 80
 
Estimating odds ratios 81
 
A hypothetical example--estimating an odds ratio 81
 
Nonindependence of observations 82
 
Building a regression model 82
 
A few additional notes 82
 
Selected readings 85
 
12 Understanding and interpreting confounding and effect modification 86
 
Counterfactual framework and causal reasoning 86
 
Causal inference and confounding bias 87
 
Strategies to deal with confounding in the study design phase 89
 
1. Randomization 90
 
2. Specification 90
 
3. Matching 90
&nb

About the author

Michael Glick, DMD, FDS RCSEd, is Professor of Oral Medicine and Executive Director, Center for Integrative Global Oral Health in the School of Dental Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Alonso Carrasco-Labra, DDS, MSc, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Preventive & Restorative Sciences and Director, Cochrane Oral Health Collaborating Center at Penn Dental Medicine, Center for Integrative Global Oral Health in the School of Dental Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Olivia Urquhart, MPH, is an Instructor in the Department of Preventive & Restorative Sciences, Center for Integrative Global Oral Health in the School of Dental Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Summary

STATISTICS FOR DENTAL CLINICIANS

Enables clinicians to understand how biostatistics relate and apply to dental clinical practice

Statistics for Dental Clinicians helps dental practitioners to understand and interpret the scientific literature and apply the concepts to their clinical practice. Written using clear, accessible language, the book breaks down complex statistical and study design principles and demonstrates how statistics can inform clinical practice.

Chapters cover the basic building blocks of statistics, including clinical study designs, descriptive and inferential statistical concepts, and interpretation of study results, including differentiating between clinical and statistical significance. An extensive glossary of statistical terms, as well as graphs, figures, tables, and illustrations are included throughout to improve reader comprehension. Select readings accompany each chapter.

Statistics for Dental Clinicians includes information on:
* How to understand and interpret the scientific language used in the biomedical literature and statistical concepts that underlie evidence-based dentistry
* What is statistics and why do we need it, and how to effectively apply study results to clinical practice
* Understanding and interpreting standard deviations, standard errors, p-values, confidence intervals, sample sizes, correlations, survival analyses, probabilistic-based diagnosis, regression modeling, and patient-reported outcome measures
* Understanding and interpreting absolute risks, relative risks and odds ratios, as well as randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, meta-analysis, bias and confounding

With comprehensive coverage of a broad topic, written using accessible language and shining light on statistical complexity often found in writings related to clinical topics, Statistics for Dental Clinicians is an essential guide for any dental practitioner wishing to improve their understanding of the biomedical literature.

Product details

• Authors: Alonso Carrasco-Labra, Raul A. Carrasco-Labra, Glick, Michael Glick, Michael (University of Pennsylvania Glick, Michael Carrasco-Labra Glick, Glick Michael, Ol Urquhart, Olivia Urquhart
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Paperback / Softback
• Released: 31.12.2021
• EAN: 9781119810162
• ISBN: 978-1-119-81016-2
• No. of pages: 240
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Medicine > Non-clinical medicine; Zahnmedizin, ZAHNHEILKUNDE, dentistry, Allg. Zahnmedizin