Alternative Liquid Dielectrics for High Voltage Transformer - Performance Analysis and Applications

A comprehensive reference and guide on the usage of the alternative dielectric fluids for transformer insulation systems
 
Liquid-filled transformers are one of the most important and expensive components involved in the transmission and distribution of power to industrial and domestic loads. Although petroleum-based insulating oils have been used in transformers for decades, recent environmental concerns, health and safety considerations, and various technical factors have increased the need for new alternative and biodegradable liquids.
 
Alternative Liquid Dielectrics for High Voltage Transformer Insulation Systems is an up-to-date reference and guide on natural and synthetic ester-based biodegradable insulating liquids. Covering the operational behavior, performance analysis, and maintenance of transformers filled with biodegradable insulating liquids, this comprehensive resource helps researchers and utility engineers expand their knowledge of the benefits, challenges, and application of ester-filled transformers. In-depth chapters written by experienced researchers addresses critical topics including transformer condition monitoring, high voltage insulation testing, biodegradable insulating material processing and evaluation, and more. A unique and significant contribution to existing literature on the subject, this authoritative volume:
 
* Covers condition monitoring, diagnostic testing, applications, maintenance, and in-service experiences
* Explores current challenges and future prospects of ester-filled transformers
* Discusses significant research progress and identifies the topics in need of further emphasis
* Compares the differences and similarities between mineral oils and ester liquids
* Includes in-depth behavioral observations and performance analysis of ester-based insulating liquids
 
Alternative Liquid Dielectrics for High Voltage Transformer Insulation Systems: Performance Analysis and Applications is a must-have reference for utility engineers, electrical power utilities, transformer owners, manufacturers, and researchers.

List of contents

Editor Biographies xv
 
List of Contributors xvii
 
Acknowledgments xxi
 
Editorial xxiii
 
1 Liquid Insulation for Power Transformers 1
U. Mohan Rao, I. Fofana, and E. Rodriguez Celis
 
1.1 Background of Liquid-Filled Transformers 1
 
1.2 Insulation System in Liquid-Filled Transformers 3
 
1.3 Insulation Aging Phenomena in Transformers 4
 
1.4 Transformer Insulating Liquids 6
 
1.4.1 Conventional Liquid Dielectrics 6
 
1.4.1.1 Mineral Insulating Oils 6
 
1.4.1.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyl 6
 
1.4.1.3 High-Temperature Hydrocarbons 7
 
1.4.2 Alternative Liquid Dielectrics 7
 
1.4.2.1 Natural Ester Liquids 7
 
1.4.2.2 Vegetable Oils 7
 
1.4.2.3 Synthetic Ester Liquids 7
 
References 8
 
2 Processing and Evaluation of Natural Esters 11
Niharika Baruah, Rohith Sangineni, Mrutyunjay Maharana, and Sisir Kumar Nayak
 
2.1 Introduction 11
 
2.2 Significant Natural Ester Liquids 14
 
2.2.1 Soybean Oil 14
 
2.2.2 Pongamia Pinnata Oil 14
 
2.2.3 Jatropha Curcas Oil 15
 
2.2.4 Palm Oil 15
 
2.2.5 Rapeseed Oil (Canola Oil) 16
 
2.3 Processing and Pretreatment 16
 
2.3.1 Extraction of Oil 16
 
2.3.1.1 Mechanical Extraction 17
 
2.3.1.2 Chemical Extraction 17
 
2.3.2 Transesterification 17
 
2.4 Properties and Evaluation of Natural Esters 20
 
2.4.1 Electrical Properties 20
 
2.4.1.1 AC Breakdown Voltage (ACBDV) 20
 
2.4.1.2 Dielectric Dissipation Factor (DDF) 21
 
2.4.1.3 Dielectric Constant 23
 
2.4.2 Chemical Properties 23
 
2.4.2.1 Water Content 23
 
2.4.2.2 Sulphur Content 24
 
2.4.2.3 Total Acid Number (TAN) 24
 
2.4.2.4 Oxidation Stability 24
 
2.4.3 Physical Properties 25
 
2.4.3.1 Pour Point 25
 
2.4.3.2 Flash and Fire Point 26
 
2.4.3.3 Interfacial Tension (IFT) 26
 
2.4.3.4 Thermal Conductivity 26
 
2.4.3.5 Viscosity 27
 
2.5 Degradation of Different Vegetable Oils 27
 
2.5.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 29
 
2.5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Study 30
 
2.6 Dissolved Gas Analysis in Natural Esters 31
 
2.6.1 Standard Gas Ratios 32
 
2.6.1.1 IEC Gas Ratios 32
 
2.6.1.2 Doernenburg Ratio Method 32
 
2.6.1.3 Rogers Ratio Method 34
 
2.6.1.4 Duval's Triangle 34
 
2.7 Challenges in Using Natural Esters as Insulating Liquid 35
 
2.8 Conclusions and Future Scope 37
 
References 38
 
3 Compatibility of Esters with Cellulosic Insulation Materials 43
Cristina Méndez Gutiérrez, Carmela Oria Alonso, Cristina Fernández Diego, Inmaculada Fernández Diego, Cristian Olmo Salas, Ahmet Kerem Köseolu, Ramazan Altay, and Alfredo Ortiz Fernández
 
3.1 Introduction 43
 
3.1.1 Types of Solid Insulation 43
 
3.1.1.1 Classification According to Manufacturing Processes 43
 
3.1.1.2 Special Types of Paper Insulation 44
 
3.1.2 Mechanisms of Paper Degradation 45
 
3.1.2.1 Processes That Cause Degradation of the Cellulosic Insulation 45
 
3.1.2.2 Degradation Products from Cellulosic Insulation 46
 
3.1.3 Effect of Paper Deterioration on Transformer Performance 47
 
3.2 Procedure of Accelerated Thermal Aging 48
 
3.2.1 IEEE Std. C57.100 48
 
3.2.2 IEC 60216 49
 
3.2.3 Accelerated Thermal Aging Conditions 50
 
3.2.3.1 Temperature 50
 
3.2.3.2 Atmosphere 50
 
3.2.3.3 Moisture 50
 
3.2.3.4 Other Materials 51
 
3.2.

About the author

U. Mohan Rao, PhD, Senior Member IEEE, is a Postdoctoral Fellow at Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Québec, Canada, with the Research Chair on the Aging of Power Network Infrastructure. He also serves as the Secretary of the IEEE DEIS Technical Committee on Liquid Dielectrics.
I. Fofana, PhD, Fellow IET, is holder of the Research Chair on the Aging of Power Network Infrastructure and Director of the International Research Centre on Atmospheric Icing and Power Engineering at UQAC. He is also chair of the IEEE DEIS Technical Committee on Liquids Dielectrics.
R. Sarathi, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, India. He is a Senior IEEE Member, Fellow INAE, FRSc, Fellow IET, Fellow I(E) India, and a member of the International Reference Group for SweGRIDS, Sweden.

Summary

A comprehensive reference and guide on the usage of the alternative dielectric fluids for transformer insulation systems

Liquid-filled transformers are one of the most important and expensive components involved in the transmission and distribution of power to industrial and domestic loads. Although petroleum-based insulating oils have been used in transformers for decades, recent environmental concerns, health and safety considerations, and various technical factors have increased the need for new alternative and biodegradable liquids.

Alternative Liquid Dielectrics for High Voltage Transformer Insulation Systems is an up-to-date reference and guide on natural and synthetic ester-based biodegradable insulating liquids. Covering the operational behavior, performance analysis, and maintenance of transformers filled with biodegradable insulating liquids, this comprehensive resource helps researchers and utility engineers expand their knowledge of the benefits, challenges, and application of ester-filled transformers. In-depth chapters written by experienced researchers addresses critical topics including transformer condition monitoring, high voltage insulation testing, biodegradable insulating material processing and evaluation, and more. A unique and significant contribution to existing literature on the subject, this authoritative volume:

* Covers condition monitoring, diagnostic testing, applications, maintenance, and in-service experiences
* Explores current challenges and future prospects of ester-filled transformers
* Discusses significant research progress and identifies the topics in need of further emphasis
* Compares the differences and similarities between mineral oils and ester liquids
* Includes in-depth behavioral observations and performance analysis of ester-based insulating liquids

Alternative Liquid Dielectrics for High Voltage Transformer Insulation Systems: Performance Analysis and Applications is a must-have reference for utility engineers, electrical power utilities, transformer owners, manufacturers, and researchers.

Product details

• Authors: Issouf Fofana, U. Mohan Rao, U. Mohan (Universite Du Quebec a Chicoutimi ( Rao, U. Mohan Fofana Rao, M Rao Ungarala, Mohan Rao Ungarala, Mohan Fofana Rao Ungarala, Ramanujam Sarathi
• Assisted by: Issou Fofana (Editor), Issouf Fofana (Editor), Fofana Issouf (Editor), U. Mohan Rao (Editor), Mohan Rao Ungarala (Editor), Ramanujam Sarathi (Editor)
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 31.12.2021
• EAN: 9781119800163
• ISBN: 978-1-119-80016-3
• No. of pages: 384
• Series: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering; IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems; IEEE Press Power and Energy Sy
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Technology > Electronics, electrical engineering, communications engineering; Energie, Leistungselektronik, ENERGY, Elektrische Energietechnik, Power electronics, Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Elektrotechnik u. Elektronik, Electric Power Systems, Electric Power Electronics, Dielektrikum