Agitator Design for Gas-Liquid Fermenters and Bioreactors

AGITATOR DESIGN FOR GAS-LIQUID FERMENTERS AND BIOREACTORS
 
Explore the basic principles and concepts of the design of agitation systems for fermenters and bioreactors
 
Agitator Design for Gas-Liquid Fermenters and Bioreactors delivers a concise treatment and explanation of how to design mechanically sound agitation systems that will perform the agitation process function efficiently and economically. The book covers agitator fundamentals, impeller systems, optimum power and air flow at peak mass transfer calculations, optimizing operation for minimum energy per batch, heat transfer surfaces and calculations, shaft seal considerations, mounting methods, mechanical design, and vendor evaluation.
 
The accomplished author has created a practical and hands-on tool that discusses the subject of agitation systems from first principles all the way to implementation in the real world. Step-by-step processes are included throughout the book to assist engineers, chemists, and other scientists in the design, construction, installation, and maintenance of these systems.
 
Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:
* A thorough introduction to the design of gas-liquid fermenters and bioreactors
* An exploration of agitator fundamentals, impeller systems, optimum power, and air flow at peak mass transfer calculations
* A discussion of how to optimize operation for minimum energy per batch
* Step-by-step processes to assist engineers, chemists, and scientists
* An examination of heat transfer surfaces and calculations, shaft seal considerations, mounting methods, and mechanical design
 
Perfect for chemical engineers, mechanical engineers, process engineers, chemists, and materials scientists, Agitator Design for Gas-Liquid Fermenters and Bioreactors will also earn a place in the libraries of pharmaceutical scientists seeking a one-stop resource for designing mechanically sound agitation systems.

List of contents

Preface xix
 
Foreword xxi
 
Foreword for Greg Benz xxiii
 
1 Purpose of Agitator Design 1
 
References 2
 
2 Major Steps in Successful Agitator Design 3
 
Define Process Results 3
 
Define Process Conditions 5
 
Choose Tank Geometry 6
 
Calculate Equivalent Power/Airflow Combinations for Equal Mass Transfer Rate 7
 
Choose Minimum Combined Power 7
 
Choose Shaft Speed; Size Impeller System to Draw Required Gassed Power 7
 
Decision Point: D/T and Gassing Factors OK? 8
 
Mechanical Design 8
 
Decision Point: Is the Mechanical Design Feasible? 8
 
Repeat to Find Lowest Cost 8
 
Repeat for Different Aspect Ratios 9
 
Repeat for Different Process Conditions 9
 
Finish 9
 
Summary of Chapter 10
 
List of Symbols 10
 
References 10
 
3 Agitator Fundamentals 11
 
Agitated Tank Terminology 11
 
Prime Mover 11
 
Reducer 13
 
Shaft Seal 13
 
Wetted Parts 13
 
Tank Dimensions 14
 
How Agitation Parameters Are Calculated 14
 
Reynolds Number 15
 
Power Number 16
 
Pumping Number 17
 
Dimensionless Blend Time 17
 
Aeration Number 18
 
Gassing Factor 18
 
Nusselt Number 18
 
Froude Number 19
 
Prandtl Number 19
 
Geometric Ratios 20
 
Baffle Number 20
 
Dimensionless Hydraulic Force 20
 
Thrust Number 21
 
Typical Dimensionless Number Curves 21
 
A Primer on Rheology 25
 
Newtonian Model 26
 
Pseudoplastic
 
or Shear Thinning, Model (Aka Power Law Fluid) 27
 
Bingham Plastic 27
 
Herschel-Bulkley 27
 
Impeller Apparent Viscosity 29
 
A Bit of Impeller Physics 29
 
Summary of Chapter 31
 
List of Symbols 31
 
Greek Letters 32
 
References 32
 
4 Agitator Behavior under Gassed Conditions 35
 
Flooding 35
 
Kla Method 35
 
Power Draw Method 36
 
Visual Flow Pattern Method 37
 
Effect on Power Draw 38
 
Holdup 39
 
Example of Holdup Calculation 40
 
Holdup "War Story" 40
 
Variable Gas Flow Operation 40
 
Mechanical Effects 42
 
Summary of Chapter 42
 
List of Symbols 42
 
References 43
 
5 Impeller Types Used in Fermenters 45
 
Impeller Flow Patterns 45
 
Axial Flow 46
 
Radial Flow 47
 
Mixed Flow 47
 
Chaos Flow 48
 
Examples of Axial Flow Impellers 49
 
Low Solidity 49
 
High Solidity 52
 
Up-pumping vs. Down Pumping 55
 
Examples of Radial Flow Impellers 56
 
Straight Blade Impeller 56
 
Disc, aka Rushton, Turbines 57
 
Smith Turbines 62
 
CD-6 Turbine by Chemineer; aka Smith Turbine by Many Manufacturers 62
 
Deeply Concave Turbines 66
 
Deep Asymmetric Concave Turbine with Overhang (BT-6) 68
 
Examples of Mixed Flow Impellers 73
 
Examples of Chaos Impellers 74
 
Shear Effects 76
 
Specialty Impellers 78
 
Summary of Chapter 80
 
List of Symbols 80
 
References 81
 
6 Impeller Systems 83
 
Why Do We Need a System? 83
 
Reaction Engineering 83
 
Fermenter History 84
 
Steps to Impeller System Design 85
 
Choose Number of Impellers 86
 
Choose Placement of Impellers 86
 
Choose Type(s) of Impellers 87
 
Choose Power Split or Distribution

About the author

Gregory T. Benz, P.E., is the President of Benz Technology International, an engineering consulting firm and Chinese business development corporation. He has authored numerous articles, conducted more than 50 seminars, and holds a patent on a nonrotating, nonseal method of mechanically agitating tanks.

Summary

AGITATOR DESIGN FOR GAS-LIQUID FERMENTERS AND BIOREACTORS

Explore the basic principles and concepts of the design of agitation systems for fermenters and bioreactors

Agitator Design for Gas-Liquid Fermenters and Bioreactors delivers a ­concise treatment and explanation of how to design mechanically sound agitation systems that will perform the agitation process function efficiently and economically. The book covers agitator fundamentals, impeller systems, optimum power and air flow at peak mass transfer calculations, optimizing operation for minimum energy per batch, heat transfer surfaces and calculations, shaft seal considerations, mounting methods, mechanical design, and vendor evaluation.

The accomplished author has created a practical and hands-on tool that discusses the subject of agitation systems from first principles all the way to implementation in the real world. Step-by-step processes are included throughout the book to assist engineers, chemists, and other scientists in the design, construction, installation, and maintenance of these systems.

Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:
* A thorough introduction to the design of gas-liquid fermenters and bioreactors
* An exploration of agitator fundamentals, impeller systems, optimum power, and air flow at peak mass transfer calculations
* A discussion of how to optimize operation for minimum energy per batch
* Step-by-step processes to assist engineers, chemists, and scientists
* An examination of heat transfer surfaces and calculations, shaft seal considerations, mounting methods, and mechanical design

Perfect for chemical engineers, mechanical engineers, process engineers, chemists, and materials scientists, Agitator Design for Gas-Liquid Fermenters and Bioreactors will also earn a place in the libraries of pharmaceutical scientists seeking a one-stop resource for designing mechanically sound agitation systems.

Product details

• Authors: Gregory T Benz, Gregory T. Benz, Gt Benz
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 31.05.2021
• EAN: 9781119650492
• ISBN: 978-1-119-65049-2
• No. of pages: 448
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Chemistry; Non-fiction book > Nature, technology > Natural science; Chemie, Fermentation, chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Industrial Chemistry, chemische Verfahrenstechnik, Technische u. Industrielle Chemie, Process Development, Verfahrensentwicklung, Biopharmazeutika u. Pharmazeutische Biotechnologie, Biopharmaceuticals & Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Bioreaktor