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Like most industries around the world, the energy industry has also made, and continues to make, a long march toward "green" energy. The science has come a long way since the 1970s, and renewable energy and other green technologies are becoming more and more common, replacing fossil fuels. It is, however, still a struggle, both in terms of energy sources keeping up with demand, and the development of useful technologies in this area.
To maintain the supply for electrical energy, researchers, engineers and other professionals in industry are continuously exploring new eco-friendly energy technologies and power electronics, such as solar, wind, tidal, wave, bioenergy, and fuel cells. These technologies have changed the concepts of thermal, hydro and nuclear energy resources by the adaption of power electronics advancement and revolutionary development in lower manufacturing cost for semiconductors with long time reliability. The latest developments in renewable resources have proved their potential to boost the economy of any country.
Green energy technology has not only proved the concept of clean energy but also reduces the dependencies on fossil fuel for electricity generation through smart power electronics integration. Also, endless resources have more potential to cope with the requirements of smart building and smart city concepts. A valuable reference for engineers, scientists, chemists, and students, this volume is applicable to many different fields, across many different industries, at all levels. It is a must-have for any library.
List of contents
Preface xix
1 Fabrication and Manufacturing Process of Solar Cell: Part I 1
S. Dwivedi
1.1 Introduction 2
1.1.1 Introduction to Si-Based Fabrication Technology 2
1.1.2 Introduction to Si Wafer 4
1.1.3 Introduction to Diode Physics 5
1.1.3.1 Equilibrium Fermi Energy (EF) 10
1.2 Fabrication Technology of Diode 19
1.3 Energy Production by Equivalent Cell Circuitry 27
1.4 Conclusion 30
References 31
2 Fabrication and Manufacturing Process of Solar Cell: Part II 39
Prabhansu and Nayan Kumar
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Silicon Solar Cell Technologies 41
2.2.1 Crystalline Structured Silicon (c-Si) 41
2.2.2 Silicon-Based Thin-Film PV Cell 43
2.3 Homojunction Silicon Solar Cells 44
2.3.1 Classic Structure and Manufacture Process 44
2.3.2 Plans for High Productivity 45
2.4 Solar Si-Heterojunction Cell 46
2.5 Si Thin-Film PV Cells 48
2.5.1 PV Cell Development Based on p-I-n and n-I-p 49
2.5.2 Light-Based Trapping Methodologies 49
2.5.3 Approach to Tandem 51
2.5.4 Current Trends 51
2.6 Perovskite Solar Cells 52
2.6.1 Introduction 52
2.6.2 Specific Properties with Perovskites-Based Metaldhalide for Photovoltaics 53
2.6.3 Crystallization of Perovskite 55
2.6.4 Current Trends 56
2.7 Future Possibility and Difficulties 56
2.8 Conclusions 57
References 58
3 Fabrication and Manufacturing Process of Perovskite Solar Cell 67
Nandhakumar Eswaramoorthy and Kamatchi R
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Architectures of Perovskite Solar Cells 68
3.3 Working Principle of Perovskite Solar Cell 70
3.4 Components of Perovskite Solar Cell 73
3.4.1 Transparent Conducting Metal Oxide (TCO) Layer 73
3.4.2 Electron Transport Layer (ETL) 74
3.4.3 Perovskite Layer 74
3.4.4 Hole Transport Layer (HTL) 75
3.4.5 Electrodes 75
3.5 Fabrication of Perovskite Films 76
3.5.1 One-Step Method 77
3.5.2 Two-Step Method 77
3.5.3 Solid-State Method 78
3.5.4 Bifacial Stamping Method 78
3.5.5 Solvent-Solvent Extraction Method 78
3.5.6 Pulse Laser Deposition Method 78
3.5.7 Vapor Deposition Method 79
3.5.8 Solvent Engineering 79
3.5.9 Additive Engineering 79
3.6 Manufacturing Techniques of Perovskite Solar Cells 79
3.6.1 Solution-Based Manufacturing Technique 80
3.6.1.1 Spin Coating 80
3.6.1.2 Dip Coating 81
3.6.2 Roll-to-Roll (R2R) Process 82
3.6.2.1 Knife-Over-Roll Coating 82
3.6.2.2 Slot-Die Coating 83
3.6.2.3 Flexographic Printing 84
3.6.2.4 Gravure Printing 85
3.6.2.5 Screen Printing 85
3.6.2.6 Inkjet Printing 86
3.6.2.7 Spray Coating 87
3.6.2.8 Brush Painting 88
3.6.2.9 Doctor Blade Coating 88
3.7 Encapsulation 89
3.8 Conclusions 90
References 90
4 Parameter Estimation of Solar Cells: A State-of-the-Art Review with Metaheuristic Approaches and Future Recommendations 103
Shilpy Goyal, Parag Nijhawan and Souvik Ganguli
4.1 Introduction 104
4.2 Related Works 106
4.3 Problem Formulation 107
4.3.1 Single-Diode Model (SDM) 113
4.3.2 Double-Diode Model (DDM) 115
4.3.3 Three-Diode Model (TDM) 117
4.4 Salient Simulations and Discussions for Future Work 121
4.5 Conclusions 134
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About the author
Suman Lata Tripathi, PhD, is a professor at Lovely Professional with more than seventeen years of experience in academics. She has published more than 45 research papers in refereed journals and conferences. She has organized several workshops, summer internships, and expert lectures for students, and she has worked as a session chair, conference steering committee member, editorial board member, and reviewer for IEEE journals and conferences. She has published one edited book and currently has multiple volumes scheduled for publication, including volumes available from Wiley-Scrivener.
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a faculty member with the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark. He has almost ten years of teaching, research and industrial experience and is an associate editor on a number of international scientific refereed journals. He has published more than 300 research papers and has won numerous awards for his research and teaching.
Summary
Like most industries around the world, the energy industry has also made, and continues to make, a long march toward "green" energy. The science has come a long way since the 1970s, and renewable energy and other green technologies are becoming more and more common, replacing fossil fuels. It is, however, still a struggle, both in terms of energy sources keeping up with demand, and the development of useful technologies in this area.
To maintain the supply for electrical energy, researchers, engineers and other professionals in industry are continuously exploring new eco-friendly energy technologies and power electronics, such as solar, wind, tidal, wave, bioenergy, and fuel cells. These technologies have changed the concepts of thermal, hydro and nuclear energy resources by the adaption of power electronics advancement and revolutionary development in lower manufacturing cost for semiconductors with long time reliability. The latest developments in renewable resources have proved their potential to boost the economy of any country.
Green energy technology has not only proved the concept of clean energy but also reduces the dependencies on fossil fuel for electricity generation through smart power electronics integration. Also, endless resources have more potential to cope with the requirements of smart building and smart city concepts. A valuable reference for engineers, scientists, chemists, and students, this volume is applicable to many different fields, across many different industries, at all levels. It is a must-have for any library.
