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List of contents
Preface xxxix
Acknowledgments xliii
1 Basic Optical Calculations 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Wave Propagation 2
1.3 CalculatingWave Propagation in Real Life 7
1.4 Detection 26
1.5 Coherent Detection 26
1.6 Interferometers 29
1.7 Photon Budgets and Operating Specifications 30
1.8 Signal Processing Strategy 36
2 Sources And Illuminators 41
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 The Spectrum 41
2.3 Radiometry 43
2.4 Continuum Sources 43
2.5 Interlude: Coherence 46
2.6 More Sources 50
2.7 Incoherent Line Sources 55
2.9 Lasers 57
2.10 Gas Lasers 59
2.11 Solid-State Lasers 59
2 Diode Lasers 61
2.13 Laser Noise 69
3 Optical Detection 81
3.1 Introduction 81
3.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratios 82
3.3 Detector Figures of Merit 83
3.5 Photomultipliers 100
3.6 Thermal Detectors 114
3.7 Image Intensifiers 115
3.9 How Do I Know Which Noise Source Dominates? 124
3.10 Hacks 129
4 Lenses, Prisms, and Mirrors 137
4.1 Introduction 137
4.2 Optical Materials 137
4.4 Surface Quality 141
4.5 Windows 142
4.6 Pathologies of Optical Elements 143
4.7 Fringes 143
4.8 Mirrors 147
4.10 Prism Pathologies 153
4.11 Lenses 154
2 Complex Lenses 158
3 Other Lenslike Devices 162
5 Coatings, Filters, and Surface Finishes 165
5.1 Introduction 165
5.2 Metal Mirrors 165
5.4 Simple Coating Theory 171
5.5 Moth-Eye Finishes 179
5.6 Absorptive Filters 180
5.7 Beam Dumps and Baffles 182
5.8 White Surfaces and Diffusers 186
6 Polarization 191
6.1 Introduction 191
6.2 Polarization of Light 191
6.3 Interaction of Polarization with Materials 193
6.4 Absorption Polarizers 197
6.5 Brewster Polarizers 197
6.6 Birefringent Polarizers 198
6.7 Double-Refraction Polarizers 199
6.8 TIR Polarizers 202
6.9 Retarders 203
6.10 Polarization Control 206
7 Exotic Optical Components 211
Introduction 211
Gratings 211
Grating Pathologies 214
Types of Gratings 215
Resolution of Grating Instruments 218
Fine Points of Gratings 219
Holographic Optical Elements 222
Photonic Crystals and Metamaterials 223
Retroreflective Materials 224
7.10 Scanners 225
7.11 Modulators 231
8 FiberOptics239
8.1 Introduction 239
8.2 Fiber Characteristics 239
8.3 Fiber Theory 242
8.4 Fiber Types 247
8.5 Other Fiber Properties 251
8.6 Working with Fibers 255
8.7 Fiber Devices 260
8.8 Diode Lasers and Fiber Optics 264
8.9 Fiber Optic Sensors 264
8.10 Intensity Sensors 265
8.11 Spectrally Encoded Sensors 266
8.12 Polarimetric Sensors 269
8.13 Fiber Interferometers 270
8.14 Two-Beam Fiber Interferometers 270
8.15 Multiple Beam Fiber Interferometers 272
8.17 Multiplexing and Smart Structures 276
8.18 Fiber Sensor Hype 276
9 Optical Systems 279
9.1 Introduction 279
9.2 What, Exactly, Does a Lens Do? 279
9.3 Diffraction 288
9.4 Aberrations 300
9.5 Representing Aberrations 303
9.
