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An updated edition of the essential guide to the technology of glass-ceramic technology
Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both glass and more traditional crystalline ceramics. The revised third edition of Glass-Ceramic Technology offers a comprehensive and updated guide to the various types of glass-ceramic materials, the methods of development, and the myriad applications for glass-ceramics. Written in an easy-to-use format, the book includes an explanation of the new generation of glass-ceramics.
The updated third edition explores glass-ceramics new materials and properties and reviews the expanding regions for applying these materials. The new edition contains current information on glass/glass-ceramic forming in general and explores specific systems, crystallization mechanisms and products such as: ion exchange strengthening of glass-ceramics, glass-ceramics for mobile phones, new glass-ceramics for energy, and new glass-ceramics for optical and architectural application. It also contains a new section on dental materials and twofold controlled crystallization. This revised guide:
* Offers an important new section on glass/glass ceramic forming
* Includes the fundamentals and the application of nanotechnology as related to glass-ceramic technology
* Reviews the development of the various types of glass-ceramic materials
* Covers information on new glass-ceramics with new materials and properties and outlines the opportunities for applying these materials
Written for ceramic and materials engineers, managers, and designers in the ceramic and glass industry, the third edition of Glass-Ceramic Technology features new sections on Glass/Glass-Ceramic Forming and new Glass-Ceramics as well as expanded sections on dental materials and twofold controlled crystallization.
List of contents
Introduction to the Third Edition xi
History xiii
1 Principles of Designing Glass-Ceramic Formation 1
1.1 Advantages of Glass-Ceramic Formation 1
1.1.1 Processing Properties 1
1.1.2 Thermal Properties 2
1.1.3 Optical Properties 3
1.1.4 Chemical Properties 3
1.1.5 Biological Properties 3
1.1.6 Mechanical Properties 3
1.1.7 Electrical and Magnetic Properties 3
1.2 Factors of Design 4
1.3 Crystal Structures and Mineral Properties 4
1.3.1 Crystalline Silicates 4
1.3.1.1 Nesosilicates 5
1.3.1.2 Sorosilicates 5
1.3.1.3 Cyclosilicates 5
1.3.1.4 Inosilicates 6
1.3.1.5 Phyllosilicates 7
1.3.1.6 Tectosilicates 7
1.3.2 Phosphates 27
1.3.2.1 Apatite 27
1.3.2.2 Orthophosphates and Diphosphates 29
1.3.2.3 Metaphosphates 30
1.3.3 Oxides 31
1.3.3.1 TiO2 32
1.3.3.2 ZrO2 32
1.3.3.3 MgAl2O4 (Spinel) 33
1.4 Nucleation 34
1.4.1 Homogeneous Nucleation 36
1.4.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation 38
1.4.3 Kinetics of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation 39
1.4.4 Limits of the Classical Nucleation and Crystallization Theory (CNT) and New Approaches 42
1.4.5 Examples of Applying the Nucleation Theory in the Development of Glass-Ceramics 44
1.4.5.1 Internal (Volume) Nucleation 44
1.4.5.2 Surface Nucleation 48
1.4.5.3 Temperature-Time-Transformation Diagrams 50
1.5 Crystal Growth 53
1.5.1 Primary Growth 54
1.5.2 Anisotropic Growth 55
1.5.3 Surface Growth 61
1.5.4 Dendritic and Spherulitic Crystallization 62
1.5.4.1 Phenomenology 62
1.5.4.2 Dendritic and Spherulitic Crystallization Applications 64
1.5.5 Secondary Grain Growth 64
2 Composition Systems for Glass-Ceramics 67
2.1 Alkaline and Alkaline Earth Silicates 67
2.1.1 SiO2-Li2O (Lithium Disilicate) 67
2.1.1.1 Stoichiometric Composition 67
2.1.1.2 Nonstoichiometric Multicomponent Compositions 69
2.1.2 SiO2-BaO (Sanbornite) 78
2.1.2.1 Stoichiometric Barium Disilicate 78
2.1.2.2 Multicomponent Glass-Ceramics 79
2.2 Aluminosilicates 80
2.2.1 SiO2-Al2O3 (Mullite) 80
2.2.2 SiO2-Al2O3-Li2O (ß-Quartz Solid Solution, ß-Spodumene Solid Solution) 82
2.2.2.1 ß-Quartz Solid Solution Glass-Ceramics 82
2.2.2.2 ß-Spodumene Solid Solution Glass-Ceramics 86
2.2.3 SiO2-Al2O2-Na2O (Nepheline) 88
2.2.4 SiO2-Al2O3-Cs2O (Pollucite) 91
2.2.5 SiO2-Al2O3-MgO (Cordierite, Enstatite, Forsterite) 93
2.2.5.1 Cordierite Glass-Ceramics 93
2.2.5.2 Enstatite Glass-Ceramics 97
2.2.5.3 Forsterite Glass-Ceramics 99
2.2.6 SiO2-Al2O3-CaO (Wollastonite) 101
2.2.7 SiO2-Al2O3-ZnO (Zn-Stuffed ß-Quartz, Willemite-Zincite) 103
2.2.7.1 Zinc-Stuffed ß-Quartz Glass-Ceramics 103
2.2.7.2 Willemite and Zincite Glass-Ceramics 105
2.2.8 SiO2-Al2O3-ZnO-MgO (Spinel, Gahnite) 105
2.2.8.1 Spinel Glass-Ceramic without ß-Quartz 105
2.2.8.2 ß-Quartz-Spinel Glass-Ceramics 107
2.2.9 SiO2-Al2O3-CaO (Slag Sital) 108
2.2.10 SiO2-Al2O3-K2O (Leucite) 111
2.2.11 SiO2-Ga2O3-Al2O3-Li2O-Na2O-K2O (Li-Al-Gallate Spinel) 114
2.2.12 SiO2-Al2O3-SrO-BaO (Sr-Feldspar-Celsian) 115
2.3 Fluorosilicates 118
2.3.1 SiO2-(R¯3+)2O3-MgO-(R¯2+)O-(R¯+)2O-F (Mica) 118
2.3.1.1 Alkaline Phlogopite Glass-Ceramics 119
About the author
WOLFRAM HÖLAND is retired from Ivoclar Vivadent AG (Liechtenstein) since 2016 but he is a consultant for this company. In 2018, he finished his activity as a Lecturer at the Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) in Zürich, Switzerland.
GEORGE H. BEALL, PHD, is a Corporate Fellow, retired, in the Science and Technology Division of Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York. He is a Distinguished Life Member of the American Ceramic Society. Between them, Drs. Höland and Beall hold over 200 US patents, over 200 publications, and 10 textbooks.
