Bird Strike in Aviation - Statistics, Analysis and Management

Groundbreaking Handbook Offers Detailed Research and Valuable Methodology to Address Dangerous and Costly Aviation Hazard
 
Though annual damages from bird and bat collisions with aircraft have been estimated at $400 million in the United States and up to $1.2 billion in commercial aviation worldwide and despite numerous conferences and councils dedicated to the issue, very little has been published on this expensive and sometimes-lethal flying risk. Bird Strike in Aviation seeks to fill this gap, providing a comprehensive guide to preventing and minimizing damage caused by bird strike on aircraft.
 
Based on a thorough and comprehensive examination of the subject, Dr. El-Sayed offers different approaches to reducing bird strikes, including detailed coverage of the three categories necessary for such reduction, namely, awareness/education, bird management (active and passive control), and aircraft design. In addition, the text discusses the importance of cooperation between airplanes, airports and air traffic authorities as well as testing methods necessary for certification of both aircraft frame and engine. Other notable features include:
* Statistics and analyses for bird strikes with both civil and military helicopters as well as military fixed wing aircrafts, including annual costs, critical flight altitudes, critical parts of aircraft, distance from air base and specifics of date and timing
* Thorough review and analysis all fatal bird strike accidents and most non-fatal accidents since 1905, the first book to provide such a reference
* The use of numerical methods in analyzing historic data (ex. probability functions, finite element methods for analyzing impact on aircraft structure, experimental measurement technique for displacement, vibration, component distortion, etc.)
* Instruction on identification of bird species (using visual, microscopic, and DNA evidence) and details of bird migration to aid air traffic control in avoiding scenarios likely to result in collision
 
With its wealth of statistical data, innovative research, and practical suggestions, Bird Strike in Aviation will prove a vital resource for researchers, engineers and graduate students in aerospace engineering/manufacturing or ornithology, as well as for military and civilian pilots and flight crew or professionals in aviation authorities and air traffic control.

List of contents

Preface xiii
 
1 Introduction 1
 
1.1 Introduction 1
 
1.2 Bird Strike: Foreign Object Damage (FOD) 2
 
1.3 A Brief History of Bird Strike 6
 
1.4 Brief Statistics of Bird Strike 8
 
1.5 Classification of Birds Based on Size 10
 
1.5.1 Small Birds (Less than 2 lb) 10
 
1.5.2 Small-Medium Birds (2-4 lb) 11
 
1.5.3 Medium-Large Birds (4-8 lb) 11
 
1.5.4 Large Birds (8-12 lb) 11
 
1.5.5 Massive Birds (12-30 lb) 13
 
1.6 Bird Strike Risk 14
 
1.6.1 Civilian Aircraft 14
 
1.6.2 Military Aircraft 15
 
1.6.3 Helicopters 17
 
1.7 Severity of Bird Strikes 17
 
1.8 Field Experience of Aircraft Industry and Airlines Regarding Bird Ingestion into Aero Engines 18
 
1.8.1 Pratt & Whitney (USA) 18
 
1.8.2 General Electric Aviation (USA) 18
 
1.8.3 Southwest Airlines (USA) 19
 
1.8.4 MTU (Germany) 19
 
1.8.5 FL Technics (Vilnius, Lithuania) 19
 
1.9 Bird Strike Committees 19
 
References 20
 
2 Aircraft Damage 23
 
2.1 Introduction 23
 
2.2 Accidents vs. Incidents 25
 
2.2.1 Accident 25
 
2.2.2 Serious Injury 25
 
2.2.3 Incident 26
 
2.3 Consequences of Bird Strike 26
 
2.4 Impact Force 28
 
2.5 Locations of Bird Strike Damage for Airliners 30
 
2.5.1 Nose and Radar Dome (Radome) 30
 
2.5.2 Windshield and Flight Cockpit 33
 
2.5.3 Landing Gear and Landing Gear Systems 37
 
2.5.4 Fuselage 39
 
2.5.5 Wings 40
 
2.5.6 Empennage 40
 
2.5.7 Power Plant 41
 
2.5.8 Propeller 53
 
2.5.9 V-22 Osprey as a Military Example 53
 
2.5.10 Other Strikes to Aircraft Instruments 54
 
2.6 Helicopters 56
 
2.7 Some Accident Data 59
 
2.7.1 Fixed-Wing Aircraft 59
 
2.7.2 Rotary-Wing Aircraft (Helicopters) 60
 
References 63
 
3 Statistics for Different Aspects of Bird Strikes 67
 
3.1 Introduction 68
 
3.2 Statistics for Bird Strike 69
 
3.3 Classifying Bird Strikes 70
 
3.3.1 Single or Multiple Large Bird(s) 70
 
3.3.2 Relatively Small Numbers of Medium-Sized Birds (2-10 Birds) 70
 
3.3.3 Large Flocks of Relatively Small Birds (Greater Than 10 Birds) 70
 
3.4 Classification of Birds Based on Critical Sites in the Aerodrome 70
 
3.4.1 Birds Flying or Soaring Over the Aerodrome or Approach Paths (100-4000 ft AGL) 71
 
3.4.2 Birds Flying, Sailing Low, or Hovering Over Active Runway and Shoulders (2200 ft AGL) 72
 
3.4.3 Birds Perching and Walking on Runway/Shoulders 72
 
3.4.4 Birds Squatting on the Runway to Rest 72
 
3.4.5 Birds Feeding on Live or Dead Insects or Animals on the Runway 73
 
3.4.6 Birds Perched on Runway Lights, Floodlight Towers, Electric Poles, and Other Perches 73
 
3.5 Bird Impact Resistance Regulation for Fixed-Wing Aircraft 74
 
3.5.1 Transport Aircraft (Airliners, Civilian, and Military Cargo) 74
 
3.5.1.1 Airframe 74
 
3.5.1.2 Engines 74
 
3.5.2 General Aviation Aircraft 75
 
3.5.3 Light Non-Commuter Aircraft 75
 
3.6 Bird Impact Resistance Regulation for Rotorcrafts 75
 
3.6.1 Large Rotorcraft 75
 
3.6.2 Small Rotorcraft 75
 
3.7 Statistics for Fixed-Wing Civilian Aircraft 75
 
3.7.1 Critical Parts of Turbofan/Turbojet Aircraft 76
 
3.7.2 Critical Modules of Turboprop/Piston Aircraft 81
 
3.7.3 Bird Strike Versus Altitude 83
 
3.7.4 Bird Strike by the Phase of Flight 87
 
3.7.5 Annual Bird Strike Statistics 8

About the author

Dr. Ahmed F. El-Sayed is a Professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Power Engineering at Zagazig University, Egypt. He was a Senior Engineer for Egyptian Airline EGYPTAIR for 10 years, working in the maintenance, technical inspection and R&D departments. He has worked as a researcher in corporate projects with Westinghouse (USA), Rolls Royce (UK) and Arab Organization for Industry (AOI), Egypt and taught aircraft propulsion and turbomachinery courses in several universities and institutes in Egypt, Libya, Austria, Belgium, China, Japan, Russia and the USA.

Summary

Groundbreaking Handbook Offers Detailed Research and Valuable Methodology to Address Dangerous and Costly Aviation Hazard

Though annual damages from bird and bat collisions with aircraft have been estimated at $400 million in the United States and up to $1.2 billion in commercial aviation worldwide and despite numerous conferences and councils dedicated to the issue, very little has been published on this expensive and sometimes-lethal flying risk. Bird Strike in Aviation seeks to fill this gap, providing a comprehensive guide to preventing and minimizing damage caused by bird strike on aircraft.

Based on a thorough and comprehensive examination of the subject, Dr. El-Sayed offers different approaches to reducing bird strikes, including detailed coverage of the three categories necessary for such reduction, namely, awareness/education, bird management (active and passive control), and aircraft design. In addition, the text discusses the importance of cooperation between airplanes, airports and air traffic authorities as well as testing methods necessary for certification of both aircraft frame and engine. Other notable features include:
* Statistics and analyses for bird strikes with both civil and military helicopters as well as military fixed wing aircrafts, including annual costs, critical flight altitudes, critical parts of aircraft, distance from air base and specifics of date and timing
* Thorough review and analysis all fatal bird strike accidents and most non-fatal accidents since 1905, the first book to provide such a reference
* The use of numerical methods in analyzing historic data (ex. probability functions, finite element methods for analyzing impact on aircraft structure, experimental measurement technique for displacement, vibration, component distortion, etc.)
* Instruction on identification of bird species (using visual, microscopic, and DNA evidence) and details of bird migration to aid air traffic control in avoiding scenarios likely to result in collision

With its wealth of statistical data, innovative research, and practical suggestions, Bird Strike in Aviation will prove a vital resource for researchers, engineers and graduate students in aerospace engineering/manufacturing or ornithology, as well as for military and civilian pilots and flight crew or professionals in aviation authorities and air traffic control.

Product details

• Authors: Af El-Sayed, Ahmed F El-Sayed, Ahmed F. El-Sayed, El-Sayed Ahmed F.
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 31.05.2019
• EAN: 9781119529736
• ISBN: 978-1-119-52973-6
• No. of pages: 368
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Technology > Mechanical engineering, production engineering; Management, Maschinenbau, Umweltmanagement, Umweltforschung, Environmental Studies, Business & management, Mechanical Engineering, Wirtschaft u. Management, Aeronautic & Aerospace Engineering, Luft- u. Raumfahrttechnik, Environmental Management, Policy & Planning, Umweltmanagement, Politik u. -Planung, Luftverkehrssicherheit, Vogelschlag