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Excerpt from Planning Systems Characteristics and Planning Effectiveness
Recognizing this requirement, some recent research studies have employed richer conceptualizations of planning. Wood and laforge (1979, 1981) seek to classify organizations based on a seven-level Guttman-type scale of planning Sophistication. A score of zero on their scale implies a complete absence of formal planning, while a score of six indicates comprehensive planning. Despite this improvement, the scale treats planning in essentially unidimensional terms. Yet the conceptual literature emphasizes that planning. Is a multifaceted management system (rax and Majluf, 1984; King and Cleland, 1978; Lorange and Vancil, 1980) that is an integral feature of the overall management process of an organization (steiner, These writings would strongly argue in favor of a multidimensional treatment of planning in empirical research.
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