Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry - An Evidence-Based Reference

Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry This handy reference book on dental diseases and conditions is the ideal, one-stop guide for dentistry clinicians to keep at their side. Each chapter follows the same easy-to-read format, including definitions, etiology, classifications, epidemiology, relevant history and special investigations, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment challenges, management options, maintenance issues, and a literature section. The book provides comprehensive multidisciplinary coverage of diseases and conditions in endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics, and restorative dentistry, with detailed clinical cases and evidence-based discussions throughout. Presented in alphabetical order, Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry: An Evidence-Based Reference provides dentists with complete coverage of every issue that they might encounter during practice, from aggressive periodontitis and complete edentulism to dento-alveolar trauma and tooth wear. A companion website offers additional clinical photographs, radiographs, and case notes.

• Provides a quick reference for the busy clinician covering diseases and conditions in endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics, and restorative dentistry
• Offers identically formatted chapters following the same clear and concise layout with detailed clinical cases and evidence-based discussions
• Features a companion website with additional clinical photographs, radiographs, and case notes

Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry: An Evidence-Based Reference is an indispensable reference for clinicians in daily practice, as well as a useful study guide for the ORE, MFDS, MSc, MRD, ISFE, MClinDent, and DClinDent specialty exams.

List of contents

Contents
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
Image Contributors xxv
Abbreviations xxvii
About the Companion Webstite xxix
1 Aggressive Periodontitis 1
1.1 Definition �/p> 1.1.1 Primary Features 1
1.1.2 Secondary Features 1
1.2 Classification �/p> 1.3 Prevalence 1
1.4 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 1
1.4.1 Bacteria 2
1.4.2 Genetic Susceptibility �/p> 1.4.3 Smoking 2
1.5 Screening �/p> 1.6 Diagnosis 2
1.7 Prognosis 2
1.8 Treatment 2
1.8.1 Systemic Antibiotics �/p> 1.8.2 Local Antimicrobials �/p> References �/p> 2 Amelogenesis Imperfecta 11
2.1 Definition �
2.2 Aetiology 11
2.3 Epidemiology 11
2.4 Classification �
2.5 Diagnostic Clinical Features 11
2.5.1 Hypoplastic Type 11
2.5.2 Hypocalcified Type 11
2.5.3 Hypomaturation Type 11
2.6 Relevant History 12
2.7 Relevant Investigations 12
2.8 Prognosis �
2.9 Treatment Considerations �
2.9.1 Management of Children �
2.9.2 Mixed Dentition �
2.9.3 Permanent Dentition �
2.9.4 Adulthood 13
2.10 Survival of Restorations 13
References �
3 Apical Periodontitis 19
3.1 Definitions and Classification 19
3.2 Relevant Anatomy 19
3.3 Immunopathology 19
3.4 Aetiology 20
3.5 Microbiology �
3.6 Radiology 21
3.7 Diagnosis 21
3.8 Epidemiology 23
3.9 Endodontic Treatment Considerations �
3.9.1 Local Anaesthesia �
3.9.2 Isolation and Disinfection �
3.9.3 Access Cavity Preparation 23
3.9.4 Magnification �
3.9.5 Working Length Determination �
3.9.6 Root Canal Preparation Techniques �
3.9.7 Irrigation and Debridement 24
3.9.8 Interappointment Medication �
3.9.9 Obturation Techniques �
3.9.10 Coronal Restoration �
3.9.11 Review 25
3.9.12 Exacerbation �
3.10 Endodontic Retreatment �
3.11 Prognosis and Outcome of Non-Surgical Endodontic Treatment �
3.11.1 Preoperative Factors �
3.11.2 Intraoperative Factors �
3.11.3 Post-Treatment Factors 26
3.12 Surgical Endodontic Treatment �
3.12.1 Indications �
3.12.2 Contraindications �
3.12.3 Flap Design 27
3.12.4 Specific Anatomy �
3.12.5 Bone Removal �
3.12.6 Root End Preparation �
3.12.7 Root End Filling 27
3.12.8 Prognosis and Outcomes �
3.12.8.1 Preoperative Factors �
3.12.8.2 Intraoperative Factors �
References �
4 Bisphosphonates and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw 33
4.1 Definition and Staging 33
4.2 Pathogenesis 33
4.3 Prevalence 33
4.4 Prevention �
4.5 Assessment and Investigations 34
4.6 Treatment Considerations �
References �
5 Caries 37
5.1 Definition and Aetiology 37
5.2 Pathogenesis 37
5.3 Epidemiology 37
5.4 Classification �
5.5 Relevant History 38
5.6 Clinical Examination of Caries 38
5.7 Differential Diagnosis 38
5.8 Prevention �
5.8.1 Tooth Brushing and Mechanical Plaque Control �
5.8.2 Diet 38
5.8.3 Fluoride 38
5.8.4 Fissure Sealing 39
5.9 Treatment Considerations �
5.9.1 Primary Teeth �
5.9.2 Permanent Teeth 39
5.9.2.1 Minimally Invasive Techniques 39
5.9.2.2 Treatment of Exposed Pulp in Permanent Teeth �
References �
6 Chronic Periodontitis� 45
6.1 Definition and Classification 45
6.2 Clinical Features and Characteristics �
6.3 Periodontal Indices �
6.4 Epidemiology 47
6.5 Risk Factors �
6.5.1 Local Risk Factors �
6.5.2 Systemic Risk Factors �
6.5.2.1 Smoking Tobacco �
6.5.2.2 Diabetes �
6.5.2.3 Genetics 48
6.5.2.4 Osteoporosis �
6.5.2.5 Psychosocial Factors �
6.5.2.6 Other Considerations �
6.6 Microbiology �
6.7 Pathogenesis 49
6.8 Role of Occlusal Trauma �
6.9 Treatment 50
6.9.1 Treatment Goals �
6.9.2 Treatment Phases �
6.9.2.1 Systemic Phase �
6.9.2.2 Initial Hygiene Phase 50
6.9.2.2.1 Mechanical Supragingival Plaque Control 50
6.9.2.2.2 Chemical Supragingival Plaque Control 51
6.9.2.3 Non-Surgical Therapy �
6.9.2.3.1 Management of Tooth Mobility �
6.9.2.4 Corrective Phase (Additional Therapy) 52
6.9.2.4.1 Periodontal Surgery 52
6.9.2.4.2 Outcome of Periodontal Surgery �
6.9.2.4.3 Treatment of Teeth with Furcation Involvement �
6.9.2.4.4 Periodontal Regeneration 54
6.9.2.5 Maintenance Phase �
References �
7 Cleft Lip and Palate 63
7.1 Introduction� 63
7.2 Complications �
7.3 Dental Abnormalities �
7.4 Management of Patients with CLP �
7.4.1 Infancy and Primary Dentition Stage 64
7.4.2 Mixed Dentition �
7.4.3 Permanent Dentition �
7.4.3.1 Orthodontic Treatment� 64
7.4.3.2 Orthognathic Surgery �
7.4.3.3 Distraction Osteogenesis (DO) �
7.4.3.4 Restorative Treatment �
References �
8 Combination Syndrome 69
8.1 Defining Features 69
8.2 Pathogenesis 69
8.3 Clinical Assessment �
8.4 Prevention �
8.5 Treatment Considerations �
8.6 Management of Flabby Ridge 70
8.7 Management of Denture-Induced Stomatitis �
References �
9 Complete Edentulism 75
9.1 Introduction� 75
9.2 Treatment Stages �
9.3 Denture Support �
9.4 Challenging Conditions 75
9.5 Complete Denture Occlusion �
9.5.1 Measuring Occlusal Vertical Dimension (OVD) 76
9.5.2 Registration of Centric Relation (CR) �
9.5.3 Complete Denture Occlusal Schemes �
9.5.3.1 Bilateral Balanced Occlusion �
9.5.3.2 Monoplane Scheme of Occlusion �
9.5.3.3 Linear Occlusion Scheme �
9.5.4 Occlusal Adjustment �
9.6 Setting Up the Teeth in Complete Denture �
9.7 Tooth Size and Shape �
9.8 Soft Liners and Tissue Conditioners 78
9.9 Copy Denture 78
9.10 Complete Denture Troubleshooting �
References �
10 Deep Overbite 83
10.1 Definition and Prevalence 83
10.2 Aetiology 83
10.3 Classification �
10.4 Treatment Options �
10.4.1 Orthodontic Treatment� 83
10.4.2 Orthognathic Surgery �
10.4.3 Prosthodontic and Restorative Treatment �
References �
11 Dens Invaginatus� 87
11.1 Definition and Terminology 87
11.2 Aetiology and Prevalence 87
11.3 Classification �
11.4 Clinical Examination and Investigations 87
�.5 Treatment Considerations �
References �
12 Dentine Hypersensitivity 93
12.1 Definition �
12.2 Prevalence 93
12.3 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 93
12.4 History and Examination 93
12.5 Management �
12.5.1 Management of DHS in Patients with Gingival Recession and/or Periodontal Disease 94
12.5.2 Management of DHS in Patients with Tooth Surface Loss �
References �
13 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta and Dentine Dysplasia 99
13.1 Definition �
13.2 Classification and Clinical Features 99
13.3 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 99
13.4 Epidemiology 100
13.5 Differential Diagnoses 100
13.6 Relevant History and Special Investigations 100
13.7 Treatment Considerations �0
13.7.1 Primary Dentition �0
13.7.2 Permanent Dentition �1
References �4
14 Dentoalveolar Trauma 105
14.1 Introduction� 105
14.2 Displaced and Malpositioned Teeth 105
14.3 Loss of Vitality and Discolouration 105
14.4 Ankylosis and Root Resorption 106
14.5 Lost Teeth 106
14.5.1 Exodontia Considerations �6
14.5.2 Role of Orthodontists �6
14.5.3 Autotransplantation �6
14.5.4 Prosthetic Tooth Replacement �7
References �3
15 Discolouration 115
15.1 Introduction� 115
15.2 Intrinsic Discolouration �5
15.2.1 Alkaptonuria 115
15.2.2 Congenital Hyperbilirubinaemia 115
15.2.3 Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria 115
15.2.4 Tetracycline Staining �5
15.2.5 Pulpal Disease 115
15.2.6 Root Resorption �6
15.2.7 Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) 116
15.2.8 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DI) �6
15.2.9 Fluorosis �6
15.2.10 Ageing 116
15.2.11 Other Conditions Associated with Enamel Defects 116
15.3 Extrinsic Discolouration �6
15.4 Treatment Options �6
15.5 Tooth Bleaching �7
15.5.1 Bleaching Techniques �7
15.5.1.1 Vital Bleaching (External Bleaching) �7
15.5.1.2 Non縑ital Bleaching (Internal Bleaching) �7
15.5.1.3 Inside/Outside Bleaching �7
15.5.2 Bleaching Products �7
15.5.2.1 Whitening Gels �7
15.5.2.2 Whitening Strips �7
References �8
16 Ectodermal Dysplasia 121
16.1 Definition and Prevalence 121
16.2 Classification �1
16.3 Aetiology 121
16.4 Diagnosis and Clinical Features 121
16.5 Management Considerations �2
16.6 Restorative Treatment �2
16.6.1 Direct Restorations �2
16.6.2 Indirect Restorations �2
16.6.3 Removable Dentures 122
16.6.4 Implants �2
References �4
17 External Root Resorption 127
17.1 Introduction� 127
17.2 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 127
17.3 External Invasive Cervical Root Resorption 127
17.4 History and Examination 128
17.5 Differential Diagnosis 128
17.6 Treatment Considerations �8
17.6.1 Non縎urgical Management �8
17.6.2 Surgical Management �9
17.6.3 Endodontic Treatment �0
References �1
18 Failed Restoration and Compromised Tooth 133
18.1 Introduction� 133
18.2 Direct Restorations �3
18.2.1 Amalgam Restorations 133
18.2.2 Composite Restorations �3
18.2.3 GIC, Resin縈odified GIC and Compomers �4
18.3 Indirect Restorations �4
18.3.1 Crowns �4
18.3.1.1 Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM) Crowns �5
18.3.1.2 All緾eramic Crowns �5
18.3.1.3 Full Gold Crowns (FGG) �5
18.3.2 Inlays and Onlays 135
18.3.3 Veneers �6
18.4 Restoration of Root縏reated Teeth �6
References �0
19 Fluorosis 143
19.1 Definition �3
19.2 Aetiology and Pathogenesis 143
19.3 Prevalence �3
19.4 Clinical Features and Classifications 143
19.5 Diagnosis 143
19.6 Treatment Considerations �4
References �6
20 Fractured Endodontic Instrument� 147
20.1 Incidence 147
20.2 Causative Factors and Prevention 147
20.3 Impact on Outcome of Endodontic Treatment �7
20.4 Management Strategies �8
20.5 Factors Affecting Removal of Fractured Instruments 148
20.6 Fragment Removal 149
References �1
21 Fractured or Failed Post �3
21.1 Introduction� 153
21.2 Reasons for Failure of Post縍etained Restorations 153
21.3 Factors to Consider �3
21.4 Risks of Post Removal 153
21.5 Post Removal Techniques �4
References �7
22 Gingival Enlargement and Gingivitis 159
22.1 Introduction� 159
22.2 Aetiology and Clinical Features 159
22.3 Diagnosis 160
22.4 Management �0
References �4
23 Gingival Recession 165
23.1 Introduction� 165
23.2 Aetiology and Risk Factors 165
23.3 Classification �6
23.4 Diagnosis 166
23.5 Prevention and Non縎urgical Management 166
23.5.1 Monitoring and Maintenance �6
23.5.2 Adhesive Restorations 166
23.5.3 Gingival Prosthesis 166
23.5.4 Orthodontic Space Closure �7
23.6 Surgical Treatment �7
23.6.1 Gingival Augmentation 167
23.6.2 Surgical Root Coverage 168
23.6.2.1 Pedicle Soft Tissue Grafts �8
23.6.2.2 Free Soft Tissue Grafts �9
23.6.2.3 Prognostic Factors �9
23.6.2.4 Clinical Outcome of Various Root Coverage Procedures 170
23.6.3 Surgical Reconstruction of Interdental Papillae 170
23.6.4 Periodontal Microsurgery 170
References �3
24 Halitosis 177
24.1 Terminology �7
24.2 Aetiology 177
24.3 Epidemiology 177
24.4 Classification �7
24.5 Diagnosis 177
24.6 Management Strategies �8
References �9
25 Hypodontia� 181
25.1 Definition and Classification 181
25.2 Aetiology 181
25.3 Epidemiology 181
25.4 Clinical Features �1
25.5 History and Examination 182
25.6 Relevant Investigations 182
25.7 Care Pathway 182
25.8 Multidisciplinary Team 182
25.9 Restorative Considerations 183
25.10 Treatment Considerations �3
25.10.1 Preventive Care 183
25.10.2 Treatment Options for Missing Teeth �3
25.10.3 Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisors 183
25.10.3.1 Space Closure �3
25.10.3.2 Space Opening �4
25.10.4 Missing Mandibular Incisor Teeth �4
25.10.5 Maxillary Midline Diastema 184
25.10.6 Management of Retained Primary Teeth �4
25.10.7 Prosthetic Options to Replace the Missing Teeth 185
25.10.7.1 Resin-bonded Bridge (RBB) �5
25.10.7.2 Conventional Bridge 186
25.10.7.3 Removable Partial Denture (RPD) and Overdenture 186
25.10.7.4 Implant縍etained Prosthesis �6
25.10.8 General Maintenance Requirements �7
References �1
26 Internal Root Resorption 193
26.1 Definition �3
26.2 Pathogenesis �3
26.3 Predisposing Factors 193
26.4 Epidemiology 193
26.5 Classification �3
26.6 Diagnosis 193
26.6.1 Clinical Features �4
26.6.2 Radiographic Features 194
26.7 Treatment Considerations �4
References �6
27 Irrigation Accidents 197
27.1 Introduction� 197
27.2 Types of Incidents and Common Causes 197
27.3 Signs and Symptoms 197
27.4 Prevention �7
27.5 Management �8
References �0
28 Low Maxillary Sinus Floor 201
28.1 Introduction� 201
28.2 Sinus Floor Elevation Techniques �1
28.2.1 Lateral Approach �1
28.2.1.1 Indications and Contraindications �1
28.2.1.2 Preoperative Assessment 201
28.2.1.3 Surgical Approach 202
28.2.1.4 Bone Grafting �2
28.2.1.5 Postoperative Care and Complications 203
28.2.2 Crestal Approach �3
28.3 Implant Survival 203
References �4
29 Microdontia� 207
29.1 Definition, Prevalence and Classification 207
29.2 Aetiology 207
29.3 Examination and Diagnosis 207
29.4 Management �7
References �0
30 Necrotising Periodontal Diseases 211
30.1 Introduction� 211
30.2 Epidemiology 211
30.3 Predisposing Factors 211
30.4 Clinical Features and Diagnosis 211
30.5 Microbiology and Histology 211
30.6 Management �2
30.6.1 Acute Phase Treatment �2
30.6.2 Treatment of Chronic Periodontal Disease �2
30.6.3 Corrective Phase Treatment �2
30.4 Maintenance� 212
References �3
31 Occlusal Issues and Occlusion 215
31.1 Definitions �5
31.2 Occlusal Philosophies 215
31.3 Assessment and Recording of Occlusion 216
31.4 Articulators �6
31.5 Face縝ow �6
31.6 Conformative Approach 217
31.7 Reorganisation of Occlusion �7
31.8 Determinants of Posterior Occlusal Morphology 217
References �9
32 Oncology縍elated Defects in Mandible 221
32.1 Introduction� 221
32.2 Roles of the Multidisciplinary Team in Head and Neck Cancer Management 221
32.3 Consequences of Cancer Surgery in Mandible 222
32.4 Classification of Mandibular Defects 222
32.5 Rehabilitation of Mandibular Defects 222
32.5.1 Surgical Reconstruction of Mandibular Defects 222
32.5.2 Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Mandibular Defects �3
32.5.2.1 Pretherapy Dental Screening �3
32.5.2.2 Prosthetic Challenges �3
32.5.2.3 Conventional Prosthetic Management �4
32.5.2.4 Implants in Oncology Patients �4
32.5.2.4.1 Indications and Limitations �4
32.5.2.4.2 Relevant History and Preoperative Examination 224
32.5.2.4.3 Planning, Timing and Design Considerations 225
32.5.2.4.4 Primary Implants �5
32.5.2.4.5 Implants in Irradiated Bone �5
32.5.2.4.6 Implants in Grafted Bone Flaps �5
References �9
33 Oncology縍elated Defects in Maxillae 233
33.1 Maxillary Tumours �3
33.2 Surgical Resection �3
33.3 Classification of Maxillary Defects 233
33.4 Surgical Reconstruction �4
33.4.1 Local and Regional Flaps 234
33.4.2 Soft Tissue Free Flaps �4
33.4.3 Hard Tissue or Composite Free Flaps 234
33.5 Prosthetic Treatment 234
33.6 Alterations at Surgery to Facilitate Prosthetic Treatment �4
33.7 Prosthetic Treatment Phases �5
33.7.1 Surgical Obturator �5
33.7.2 Interim Obturator �5
33.7.3 Definitive Obturator �6
33.8 Soft Palate Defects �6
33.9 Osseointegrated Implants �6
References �8
34 Open Apex (Immature Non縑ital Teeth) 241
34.1 Definition �1
34.2 Aetiology 241
34.3 Classification �1
34.4 Management Strategies �1
34.4.1 Working Length Determination in Teeth with Open Apices �1
34.4.2 Irrigation Considerations �1
34.4.3 Calcium Hydroxide Apexification 242
34.4.4 Placement of an Apical Plug to Create an Artificial Apical Barrier 242
34.4.4.1 Mineral Trioxide Aggregate 242
34.4.4.2 Biodentine^{�/sup> �2
34.4.5 Regenerative Endodontic Treatment �2
References �4
35 Open Bite 247
35.1 Definition and Classification 247
35.2 Aetiology 247
35.3 Incidence 247
35.4 Indications for Treatment �7
35.5 Treatment Options �7
35.5.1 Prevention �7
35.5.2 Orthodontic Treatment� 247
35.5.3 Orthognathic Surgery �8
35.5.4 Restorative Treatment �8
References �0
36 Osteoradionecrosis 251
36.1 Definition and Pathogenesis 251
36.2 Prevalence �1
36.3 Risk Factors �1
36.4 Classification of ORN �1
36.5 Diagnosis 252
36.6 Prevention �2
36.6.1 Pre縍adiotherapy Dental Assessment and Extractions 252
36.6.2 Patient Education �2
36.6.3 Minimising Trauma �2
36.6.4 Prophylactic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Antibiotics 252
36.7 Management �3
References �4
37 Partial Edentulism - Implant Treatment 257
37.1 Introduction� 257
37.2 Preoperative Patient Assessment 257
37.2.1 History �7
37.2.2 Clinical Examination �7
37.2.3 Special Investigations 257
37.3 Risk Factors �8
37.3.1 Local Risk Factors �8
37.3.2 Systemic Risk Factors �8
37.3.3 Behavioural Risk Factors 259
37.4 Risk Assessment and Patient Consent 259
37.5 Treatment Considerations �9
37.5.1 Planning Stage 259
37.5.2 Surgical Stage �0
37.5.3 Prosthetic Treatment 260
37.5.4 Replacement of the Anterior Teeth with Implants �1
37.5.5 Replacement of the Posterior Teeth with Implants �1
37.5.6 Considerations in Bruxist Patients �1
37.5.7 Maintenance� 262
37.5.8 Implant Complications �2
37.5.8.1 Biological Complications �2
37.5.8.1 Mechanical Complications �2
37.5.8.1 Aesthetic Complications �3
37.5.8.1 Evidence �3
37.6 Implant Survival 263
37.6.1 Implant縍etained Single Crowns 263
37.6.2 Implant縍etained Bridge �3
37.7 Timing of Implant Placement after Tooth Extraction �3
37.8 Timing of Implant Loading 264
References �9
38 Partial Edentulism - Partial Denture Treatment� 273
38.1 Introduction� 273
38.2 Removable Partial Denture Types 273
38.2.1 Acrylic Dentures �3
38.2.2 Cobalt-Chromium RPDs �3
38.2.3 Flexible Dentures �4
38.2.4 Hypoallergenic Dentures 274
38.2.5 PEEK縝ased RPDs 274
38.3 Classification of Partially Dentate Arches 274
38.4 General Guidelines �4
38.5 RPD Design �4
38.5.1 Surveying 274
38.5.2 Occlusal Analysis 274
38.5.3 Replacing Anterior Teeth �4
38.5.4 Milled Crowns 275
38.5.5 Components of RPD Design 275
38.5.6 Saddle Areas 275
38.5.7 Rests �5
38.5.8 Retentive Clasps 275
38.5.9 Indirect Retainer �5
38.5.10 Mandibular Major Connectors �5
38.5.11 Maxillary Major Connectors �6
38.5.12 Minor Connectors �6
38.6 Swing縇ock RPD �6
References �8
39 Perforation 281
39.1 Definition 281
39.2 Causes �1
39.3 Pathogenesis �1
39.4 Epidemiology 281
39.5 Classification �1
39.6 Diagnosis 281
39.7 Prognosis �2
39.8 Management �2
39.8.1 Extraction 282
39.8.2 Non縎urgical Treatment �2
39.8.3 Surgical Treatment �2
39.9 Treatment Outcomes 283
References �5
40 Peri縄mplant Diseases 287
40.1 Definitions �7
40.2 Aetiology 287
40.3 Risk Factors �7
40.4 Prevalence �7
40.5 Diagnostic Criteria �7
40.6 Patient Assessment �8
40.6.1 Implant Identification �8
40.6.2 Relevant History 288
40.6.3 Assessment of Suprastructure 288
40.6.4 Assessment of Individual Fixtures 288
40.6.5 Assessment of Peri縄mplant Soft Tissue �8
40.6.6 Radiographic Assessment 288
40.7 Management of Peri縄mplant Mucositis �8
40.8 Management of Peri縄mplantitis �8
References �1
41 Periodontal Abscess 293
41.1 Definition and Classification 293
41.2 Pathogenesis �3
41.3 Prevalence �3
41.4 Microbiology �3
41.5 Diagnosis 293
41.6 Differential Diagnosis 294
41.7 Treatment 294
References �6
42 Periodontic縀ndodontic Lesion 297
42.1 Definition and Classification 297
42.2 Diagnosis 297
42.3 Prognosis �7
42.4 Management �8
References �0
43 Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Disease 301
43.1 Introduction� 301
43.2 Periodontitis Associated with Haematological Disorders 301
43.3 Periodontitis Associated with Genetic Disorders 301
43.4 Periodontitis Associated with Other Conditions (Not Otherwise
Specified Group) �3
References �5
44 Radiotherapy Side Effects 307
44.1 Introduction� 307
44.2 Radiation縄nduced Oral Mucositis �7
44.3 Xerostomia 308
44.3.1 Organ縎paring Radiotherapy 308
44.3.2 Salivary Gland Tissue Transfer 308
44.3.3 Preventive Medication 308
44.3.4 Salivary Stimulation 308
44.3.5 Saliva Substitution 308
44.4 Oral Infections �8
44.5 Trismus (Restricted Mouth Opening) �9
References �1
45 Ridge Defects (Generalised) 313
45.1 Introduction� 313
45.2 Classifications �3
45.3 Neutral Zone Impression Technique for Resorbed Ridges 313
45.4 Magnet縍etained Conventional Overdenture 314
45.5 Implant縎upported Overdentures 314
45.6 Full緼rch Implant縍etained Fixed Prosthesis 315
References �7
46 Ridge Defects (Localised) 319
46.1 Introduction� 319
46.2 Ridge Augmentation by Soft Tissue Grafts 319
46.3 Ridge Augmentation with Hard Tissue Surgery 320
46.3.1 Anatomical Repositioning Techniques 320
46.3.2 Bone Grafting �0
References �4
47 Shortened Dental Arch (SDA) 325
47.1 Definition �5
47.2 History �5
47.3 Effect of SDA on Oral Health縍elated Quality of Life 325
47.4 Effect of Tooth Loss on Masticatory Function �5
47.5 Effect of SDA on Occlusal Stability �5
47.6 Effect of SDA on Temporomandibular Joint �6
47.7 Alternative Treatment Options �6
References �7
48 Supernumerary, Fusion and Gemination 329
48.1 Supernumerary (Hyperdontia) 329
48.1.1 Prevalence �9
48.1.2 Classification �9
48.1.3 Aetiology 329
48.1.4 Oral and Dental Complications �9
48.1.5 Examination and Diagnosis 329
48.1.6 Management �0
48.2 Fusion �0
48.2.1 Classification �0
48.2.2 Aetiology 330
48.2.3 Incidence 330
48.2.4 Relevant Investigations 330
48.2.5 Treatment Options �0
48.3 Gemination� 331
References �2
49 Temporomandibular Disorders 335
49.1 Definition �5
49.2 Prevalence �5
49.3 Classification �5
49.4 Aetiology 335
49.5 Diagnosis 336
49.6 Special Investigations 336
49.7 Management �6
49.7.1 Patient Education �6
49.7.2 Jaw Exercise and Manual Therapy 336
49.7.3 Acupuncture �6
49.7.4 Pharmacotherapy �7
49.7.5 Occlusal Stabilising Splint Therapy �7
49.7.6 Anterior Repositioning Splint 337
49.7.7 Occlusal Adjustment �7
49.7.8 TMJ Lavage �7
49.7.9 Surgery 337
References �8
50 Tooth Wear 341
50.1 Definitions and Clinical Features 341
50.2 Aetiology 341
50.2.1 Parafunction and Occlusion �1
50.2.2 Intrinsic Acids �1
50.2.3 Extrinsic Acids �2
50.3 Prevalence �2
50.4 Classification �2
50.5 History and Examination 343
50.6 Prevention �3
50.7 Management of Worn Teeth �3
50.7.1 Conformative Approach 343
50.7.2 Reorganisation Approach 343
50.7.3 Occlusal Splint Therapy Prior to VD Increase �4
50.7.4 Fixed Restorations �4
50.7.4.1 Direct Fixed Restorations �4
50.7.4.2 Indirect Fixed Restorations �4
50.7.5 Crown Lengthening 345
50.7.6 Removable Treatment Options �5
50.7.7 Maintenance� 346
References �0
Index 355}

About the author

The author Keyvan Moharamzadeh, BSc, DDS, PhD, FHEA, FDSRCS, is a Senior Clinical Lecturer and Honorary Consultant in Restorative Dentistry and Specialist in Prosthodontics, Periodontics, Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, at the University of Sheffield, UK.

Summary

Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry: An Evidence-Based Reference is the ideal, one-stop guide for dentistry clinicians to keep at their side.

Product details

• Authors: Keyvan Moharamzadeh, K Moharamzadeh, Keyvan Moharamzadeh
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 31.07.2018
• EAN: 9781119312031
• ISBN: 978-1-119-31203-1
• No. of pages: 392
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Medicine > Non-clinical medicine; MEDICAL / Dentistry / General, dentistry, Dentistry and related oral medicines