Discovering Arguments

List of contents

Preface                                                                                                                                        
 
Chapter 1: Communication and Persuasion: Logos, Pathos, Ethos                                                                
Attention, Arguing, and Inquiry
    What are arguments?
    The process of inquiry
    The paradigm shift
    Communicating Clearly and Effectively  
Sascha Redetsky,  Don't Judge Me by My Tights
Convincing Reasons and Evidence
Brian A. Courtney,Freedom from Choice
Writing Assignment: Personal Argument Essay
Finding your subject: Your writing situation
     Two strategies for finding topics  
            Freewriting
            Mapping
Rhetoric and Rhetorical Situation   
      Rhetorical situation
      Kairos
Writing Persuasively  
The Persuasive Appeals  
    Logos    
    Recognizing logos
S. I. Hayakawa, On Human Survivall
Noticing Overgeneralizations
    Pathos  
    Recognizing pathos
Julia Kraus, If I Told You, Would You Want to Hear?
    Humor as pathos
    Ethos
    Recognizing ethos
Elisabeth Bletsch,  Will  Part of You Be Left Behind?
Thesis Statements  
    Evaluating your thesis statement
Engaging Your Audience: Titles, Introductions, Conclusions  
    Features of good titles
    Title strategies
    Titles to avoid
    Features of good introductions
    Introductory strategies
    Introductions to avoid
    Features of good conclusions  
    Concluding strategies
    Conclusions to avoid
Actively Reading An Essay
Sarah Krumrie, No, I Heard You-I Just Don't Think It's Funny
Margo Brines, Forgo the Major Dilemma
Sharing and Evaluating Essays
A Note on Defining Grammar, Mechanics, and Usage  
A Critical Thinker's Guide for Evaluating Writing  
 
Interchapter 1: Style and Voice
Diction  
    Monosyllabic words
    Multisyllabic words
    Pretentious writing
Other Features of Diction  
    Specific or general
    Concrete or abstract  
    Literal or figurative
    Literal language
    Figurative language
    Avoid clichés  
    Precise words  
    Watch Out for Things
Voice  
Tone  
    Analyzing attitude toward audience
    Analyzing attitude toward subject     
Sentence Tools      
    Simple sentences
    Joining complete thoughts: coordination
    Using semicolons to join complete thoughts    
    Using semicolons with formal transition words    
    Using Semicolons in a Complex Series  
Solving Two Common Sentence Problems  
    Comma splices
    Run-on sentences 
 
Chapter 2: Strategies of Argumentation
Using Examples, Authorities,  and Statistics
Examples and Illustrations
Writing Assignment: Illustration
Using Authorities
Using Statistics
Using Contraries 
    Using contradictions and paradoxes
    Contradictions 
    Writing Assignment: Contradiction
    Paradoxes
    Paradox and tolerance for ambiguity
    Either/or thinking
    Writing Assignment: Paradox
    The wisdom of contraries
Using Comparison  
    Organizing comparison: block and alternate patterns
    Writing Assignment: Comparison
Using Refutation 
    Writing Assignment: Refutation
Using Induction and Deduction
    Induction
    Deduction    
Using Narration and Description  
    Narration
    Description
Using Analogy  
    Explaining the mind
Using Classification  
Writing Assignment: Classification
Using Cause and Effect  
    Writing Assignment: Cause and Effect
    Using Analogy
    Explaining the Mind
    Writing Assignment: Analogy
    Using Humor  
    Humorous tone 
Using Definition  
    Digging for roots of words
    Writing Assignment: Definition Essay
    Writing Assignment: Exploring an Essay
Exploring an Essay  
Ashley Yuill,Choose Wisely
David Gessner, A Feeling of Wildness
Leonard Pitts, Jr.,Rejecting Feminism Makes No Sense
Dave Barry , Eat All That You Can Eat
 
Interchapter 2: Voice and Emphasis
Diction and Repetition
    Repeating words for emphasis
    Alliteration
Sentence Tools  
    Joining complete and incomplete thoughts: subordination
    Colons and dashes and voice 
    Colons
    Dashes
    Using pairs of dashes
    Italics (Underlining) and voice
    Parentheses and voice
Fine-Tuning Sentences  
    Sentence fragments: pros and cons
    Conciseness
    Omit needless words
    Omit needless words
 
Chapter 3: THE TOULMIN METHOD AND PROBLEMS IN REASONING
Using the Toulmin Method to Argue
    Kinds of arguments-kinds of claims
    Laws and policies
    Reality, facts
    Values, morals, taste
Warrants
    Stating the warrant
Daniel May,Practicing the Toulmin Method of Arguing
Alyssa Huntoon, Toulmin Analysis of an Editorial Cartoon
Gregg Nelson, Why Single Out Cell Phones 
Exploring an essay using the Toulmin method 
        Dave Eggers, Serve or Fail        
      Margo Brines , Exploring Dave Eggers's “Serve or Fail” with the Toulmin Method
Writing Assignment: Exploring an Essay with the Toulmin Method
Kathleen Parker,Children  Last
Jessica Peck Corry, Republican Moms for Marijuana:“Time to Legalize Is Now”              
Mike Adams,Weak Negotiating Fathers
Problems in Reasoning  
    Finding the facts
Implications, Assumptions, and Inferences  
    Implications
    Assumptions
Fallacies  
Problems of Insufficient Evidence  
    Overgeneralizing
John Gray,Wallets and Purses
    Card stacking
    Ad ignorantium
    Post hoc ergo propter hoc
    Problems Based on Irrelevant Information  
    Ad baculum
    Ad hominem
    Fallacy of opposition
    Genetic fallacy
    Guilt by association
    Ad misericordiam
    Ad populum
    Bandwagon
    Plain folks and snob appeal
    Ad verecundiam
    Red herring
    Weak opponent
    Tu quoque
    Oversimplification
Problems of Ambiguity  
    Amphibole
    Begging the question
    Equivocation
    Loaded language
    False analogy
Other Problems of Faulty Reasoning  
    False dilemma (either/or thinking)
    Non sequitur
    Rationalization
    Reductio ad absurdum
    Slippery slope
 
Interchapter 3: Strategies of Repetition
Sentence Tools 
    Parallelism
    Anaphora
    Epistrophe
The Power of Threes in Sentences 
Susan Ager,Baby, Baby, Baby, 3 Has Its Charms
    Using threes in sentences: rising order or not
    Varying sentence beginnings: three ways  
    Using -ingphrases
    Misusing -ingPhrases: Misplaced Modifiers
    Using -edor -enphrases
    Using Tophrases
 
Chapter 4: ROGERIAN ARGUMENT
Problems with the Argument Culture                                                                                         
Rogerian Argument
      Common Ground
      Advantages and Disadvantages of Rogerian Argument
Applying Rogerian Argument
Richard Selzer, Brute
Writing Assignment: Personal Essay Using Rogerian Argument
Student Model Paper                                                                                                                     
Critical Reading Strategies                                                                                                                    
Outlining and Summarizing
Writing Assignment: Using Rogerian Argument to Analyze Essays                                                    
Gary Steiner, Animal, Vegetable, Miserable
      Student Model Paper
Readings for Rogerian Argument
Courtney E. Martin,  The Undocumented American Dream
John Hawkins,  5 Reasons Illegal Immigrants Shouldn't Be Given American Citizenship
Benjamin Could,  Cognitive Enhancement on Campus: Taking Competition Seriously
Mitch Albom, The Real Tragedy of a Notre Dame Football Recruit's Spring Break Death     
Robert Voas, There's No Benefit to Lowering the Drinking Age                                   
John J. Miller, The Case Against 21                                                                                   
Maggie Gallagher, The Message of Same-Sex Marriage 
Scott Seider and Howard Gardner, The Fragmented Generation 
 
Interchapter 4: Style and CONTRARIES
Sentence Tools  
    Antithesis
    Antithesis and balanced sentences
    Loose and periodic sentences
Fine-Tuning Sentences  
    False starts
    Active and passive verbs
 
Chapter 5: RHETORICAL ANALYSIS
What Is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Why Do a Rhetorical Analysis? 
Guidelines for Exploring an Essay for a Rhetorical Analysis
Writing Assignment: A Rhetorical Analysis
Dennis Prager , Is America Still Making Men      
Student Model Paper
Readings for Rhetorical Analysis
Charles M. Blow,  Welcome to the Club
Mitch Albom,  Don't Shoot Holes in Gun Control Bills
Eve Ensler, The Power and Mystery of Naming Things
Anna Quindlen, Whoever We Are, Loss Finds Us and Defines Us
Leonard Pitts, Jr., Sept. 12, 2001: We'll Go Forward from This Moment 
A Call for Unity: Letter from Eight White Clergymen 
Martin Luther King, Jr.,  Letter from a Birmingham Jail
 
Interchapter 5: Exploring Style
Presenting Yourself in E-Mail  
Tools of Style  
Guidelines for Writing an Essay to Explore Style
Exploring the Style of a Passage  
Writing Assignment: Exploring the Style of an Essay or a Speech  
Rick Reilly, The Swooshification of the World 
Student Model Paper
Essays for Exploration  
Anna Quindlen, Commencement Speech at Mount Holyoke College
Martin Luther King Jr.,I Have a Dream
 
Chapter 6: Visual Arguments
    News photographs
    Feature photography
    Staged images
    Documentary photographs
Writing Assignment: Photographs
    essays exploring photographs 
    Like a photograph, a painting  
Advertisements  
Special Considerations for Exploring Ads
    Student essays exploring advertisements  
Writing Assignment: Advertisements
Cartoons
    Cartoons and creativity
    Creativity and humor
    Serious cartoons
    Editorial cartoons
Special Considerations for Exploring Cartoons
Writing Assignment: Cartoons
    Student essays exploring cartoons
Film  
    Writing about a film
Writing Assignment: Film Review
      Guidelines for Writing a Film Review
    Before you do research
    Finding and synthesizing sources
Student Film Review  
 
Chapter 7: Critical Thinking about Poetryand Fiction
Reading and Writing about Poetry  
Theodore Roethke,My Papa's Waltz
    The language of poetry
Emily Dickinson,A Narrow Fellow in the Grass
    Elements of poetry
    Diction
    Imagery
Theodore Roethke,Cellar
    Figures of speech: metaphors, similes, and symbols
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
    Tone
    Speaker
    Sound patterns
    Structure
    Line breaks
Reading Notebook  
    William Stafford,Traveling through the Dark
    Writing Assignment: An Essay about a Poem
    Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
    Student essay exploring a poem  
Poems to Consider for Writing an Essay  
    Mary Oliver,The Summer Day
    Ted Kooser,Splitting an Order
    Kim Noriega , Heaven, 1963
    Paula Sergi, Vocations Club
    Jim Daniels, Work Boots: Still Life
    Bruce Weigl, May
    Thomas Lux,Upon Seeing the Ultrasound Photo of an Unborn Child 
    Anne Sexton, Red Roses     
    Langston Hughes, Mother to Son    
    Naomi Shihab Nye, Famous
Reading and Writing about Fiction  
    Stuart Dybek, Lights
    Stuart Dybek, Maroon
    Anne Caston, Flying Out with the Wounded
    Elements of fiction
    Plot and conflict
    Character
    Point of view
    Setting
    Moral issues
Writing Assignment: An Essay about a Story  
    Stories to Consider for Writing an Essay 
        Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour 
        Raymond Carver, Popular Mechanics
        Bonnie Jo Campbell, Shotgun Wedding 
        Stuart Dybek, Pet Milk
Chapter 8: Research Strategies
Research Writing Options  
    The report
    The argument paper
It May Feel Like a Mountain of Information
Strategy One: Using Subject-Specific Encyclopedias
          Preliminary reading andyour research question
Strategy Two: Looking for Books  
      The library catalog
    Critical thinking in a research notebook
    Taking notes
Strategy Three: Looking for Articles  
    Using databases  
    Differences between magazines and journals 
    An advantage of journals 
    Newspaper articles and online archives
    Divide your work into steps or phases
    Look for the most recent sources first
    Professional, technical, and specialty journals
Strategy Four: Government Documents and Statistics
    Biographical sources
    Book reviews>
Strategy Five: Doing Some Field Research 
    Guidelines for interviews
Writing Assignment: Research Proposal 
      Example of research proposal
 
Chapter 9: Evaluating Evidence
Scholarship and the Wikipedia Dilemma  
Scott Jaschik, A Stand Against Wikipedia
T. Mills Kelly, Why I Won't Get Hired at Middlebury
Research and the Internet  
What Is a Reliable Site?
    Criteria for Web sites
Who Is the Author?
    Identifying authors
    Watch out for false and impartial authorities
>Reliable Information: On the Web and Off  
    Context
    Timely data
    Documentation and credibility
    Hoaxes and frauds
Understanding Evidence in Research Writing
    Claim
    Persuasive Appeals
    Questioning evidence
    Primary and secondary evidence
    The weight of evidence
    Remaining impartial
    Information without attribution
    Evaluating statistical data
Writing Assignment: Annotated Bibliography
      Example of annotated bibliography
Going Beyond the Information Given  
Nicholas D. Kristof, Save the Darfur Puppy
Writing Assignment: Exploring an Article by Doing Research from It  
Lori Aratani, Teens Can Multitask, But What Are Costs?
Rob Stein, Premarital Abstinence Pledges Ineffective, Study Finds >
Gardiner Harris, Researchers Find Study of Medical Marijuana Discouraged
 
Chapter 10: Writing Your Reseach paper
Researchers as Writers  
      Working through your project
      Discovering order
      Shaping your thesis
      Substantiating your data
      Understanding your audience
      Controlling your voice
      Using tools of style
      Using persuasive appeals
      Taking your time
Using Sources: In-Text Citation 
    Using author's name within a sentence
    Using author's name in parentheses
    Using signal phrases with direct quotes
    Using direct quotes for words, phrases, and sentences
    How to use long quotes
    Vary the way you use direct quotes
    Using blended quotes within your own sentences
    Commas and periods go inside quotation marks
    Using colons and semicolons with quotation marks
    Using single quotation marks
    Using quotation marks around words used in a special sense
    Using an ellipsis mark to indicate omission of words
    Using brackets to add your own words in a quote
    Using “sic” to indicate errors in quotes
    When it is appropriate to us...

Summary

The argument rhetoric/reader that emphasizes style throughout.
Presenting a holistic view of content and style, this argument rhetoric, reader, and research guide helps students analyze and evaluate what they read, argue persuasively, and communicate more clearly than they ever have before.  Students discover, internalize and apply at increasing levels of sophistication the impact of persuasive appeals (logos, pathos and ethos), the principles of critical thinking and the hallmarks of effective style through more than 200 embedded, guided activities directed at their own papers. 

Product details

• Authors: William Palmer
• Publisher: Pearson Academic
• Languages: English
• Product format: Paperback / Softback
• Released: 01.01.2011
• EAN: 9780205834457
• ISBN: 978-0-205-83445-7
• No. of pages: 588
• Weight: 710 g
• Series: Allyn & Bacon; Allyn & Bacon
• Subject: Guides > Law, job, finance > Training, job, career