Read more
Seit Erscheinen der 2. Auflage hat sich die Kohlenwasserstoffchemie rasant entwickelt, in wissenschaftlicher Hinsicht und gemessen an seiner Bedeutung. Der Ansatz hat das größte Potenzial, um Erdöl und eines Tages alle fossilen Brennstoffe zu ersetzen. Auch können die heute noch überwiegend eingesetzten fossilen Brennstoffe durch CO2-Abscheidung und -Recycling umweltfreundlicher werden. CO2 lässt sich mit Materialien auch so recyceln, dass neue Brennstoffe und chemische Rohstoffe entstehen. Diese Entwicklungen haben zu dieser 3. Auflage geführt.
List of contents
Volume 1
Preface to the Third Edition xiii
Preface to the Second Edition xv
Preface to the First Edition xvii
Introduction xix
Introduction and General Aspects 1
1.1 Hydrocarbons and Their Classes 1
1.2 Energy-Hydrocarbon Relationships 2
1.3 Hydrocarbon Sources 4
Extraterrestrial Hydrocarbons 15
1.4 Hydrocarbon Production from Natural Sources 16
1.5 Hydrocarbon Synthesis 20
1.6 Nonrenewable and Renewable Hydrocarbons 27
1.7 Regenerative Hydrocarbons from CO2 Emission Capture and Recycling 29
1.8 Hydrocarbon Functionalization Reactions 30
1.9 Use of Hydrocarbons, Petroleum Oil 35
1.9.1 Energy Generation, Storage, and Delivery: Heating 36
1.9.2 Transportation Fuels 36
1.9.3 Chemical Products, Plastics, and Pharmaceuticals 38
References 38
Hydrocarbons from Petroleum and Natural Gas 49
2.1 Cracking 49
2.2 Reforming 62
Hydroforming 64
Metal-Catalyzed Reforming 65
2.3 Dehydrogenation with Olefin Production 71
Heterogeneous Catalysts 73
Homogeneous Catalysts 78
C2-C3 Alkenes 85
C4 Alkenes 86
Buta-1,3-diene and Isoprene 87
Higher Olefins 88
Styrene 88
2.4 Upgrading of Natural-Gas Liquids 89
2.5 Aromatics Production 89
References 102
Synthesis from C Sources 125
3.1 Aspects of C1 Chemistry 126
3.2 Chemical Reduction to Methanol and Oxygenates; Recycling of CO2 127
Heterogeneous Hydrogenation 129
Homogeneous Hydrogenation 137
Ionic Reduction 143
Electrochemical and Electrocatalytic Reduction 143
Photoreduction 146
Enzymatic Reduction 148
3.3 Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry 149
3.4 Oxygenation of Methane 166
Methanol Synthesis 166
3.5 Oligocondensation of Methane 173
3.6 Hydrocarbons from Methane Derivatives 186
Methanol Conversion to Hydrocarbons 186
Methanol to Hydrocarbon Technologies 196
Methanol to Gasoline 196
Methanol to Olefin 197
Methanol to Propylene 198
References 200
Isomerization 237
4.1 Acid-Catalyzed and Bifunctional Isomerization 238
Mechanism 243
Side-Chain Isomerization 250
Positional Isomerization 250
4.2 Base-Catalyzed Isomerization 262
4.2.1 Alkenes 262
4.3 Metal-Catalyzed Isomerization 266
4.4 Pericyclic Rearrangements 277
4.5 Practical Applications 284
Alkanes 284
Alkenes 285
4.5.2 Isomerization of Xylenes 286
References 287
Alkylations 305
5.1 Acid-Catalyzed Alkylation 305
Alkylolysis (Alkylative Cleavage) 317
Alkylation of Alkenes with Organic Halides 318
Alkylation of Alkynes 320
Alkylation with Carbonyl Compounds: The Prins Reaction 320
Catalysts 324
Alkylation with Alkyl Halides 326
Alkylation with Alkenes 331
Alkylation with Alkanes 335
Alkylation with Other Reagents 338
5.2 Base-Catalyzed Alkylation 350
5.3 Alkylation through Organometallics 352
5.4 Miscellaneous Alkylations 356
5.5 Practical Applications 360
References 369
Addition Reactions 389
6.1 Hydration 389
Production of Alcohols by Hydration of Alkenes 395
Production of Octane-Enhancing Oxygenates 396
Acetal
About the author
GEORGE A. OLAH, PhD, was awarded the undivided 1994 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He was a Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Donald P. and Katherine B. Loker Chair in Organic Chemistry; and Founding Director of the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. He passed away on March 8, 2017.
ÁRPÁD MOLNÁR, DSc, is an Emeritus Professor at the University of Szeged, Hungary, and a Senior Fellow of the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute at the University of Southern California.
G. K. SURYA PRAKASH, PhD, is the George A. and Judith A. Olah Nobel Laureate Chair Professor and the Director of the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute at the University of Southern California.
Summary
Since the publication of the 2 nd edition, the field of hydrocarbon chemistry has rapidly grown and expanded both in its scientific scope and significances and provides the most promising approach to replace oil and, eventually, all fossil fuel.
