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Why do some developing countries have more efficient health systems and better health outcomes? Contrary to existing theory that posits the superiority of proportional representation (PR) rules on public-goods provision, this book argues that electoral rules function differently given the underlying ethnic structure. In countries with low ethnic salience, PR has the same positive effect as in past theories. In countries with high ethnic salience, the geographic distribution of ethnic groups further matters: where they are intermixed, PR rules are worse for health outcomes; where they are isolated, neither rule is superior. The theory is supported through a combination of careful analysis of electoral reform in individual country cases with numerous well-designed cross-country comparisons. The case studies include Thailand, Mauritius, Malaysia, Botswana, Burma and Indonesia. The theory has broad implications for electoral rule design and suggests a middle ground in the debate between the Consociational and Centripetal schools of thought.
List of contents
List of figures; List of tables; Part I. Electoral Rules, Ethnicity, and Health in Developing Countries: 1. Ethnic diversity or institutions? The source of public goods underprovision; 2. Background and definitions; 3. A socio-institutional theory of public goods provision; 4. Testing the theory: health and education outcomes in developing democracies; Part II. Electoral Rules and Health in Low Ethnic-Salience Countries: 5. Thailand: a new constitution and the introduction of universal healthcare; 6. Single-member districts and medium-sized majority groups: Botswana and New Zealand; Part III. Electoral Rules and Health in High Ethnic-Salience, Ethno-Geographically Intermixing Countries: 7. Mauritius: diversity and the success of majoritarian electoral rules; 8. Malaysia: single-member districts, multi-ethnic parties and health; Part IV. Electoral Rules in High Ethnic-Salience, Ethno-Geographically Isolated Countries: 9. Electoral rules and multiethnic parties in Burma's democratic era (1948-62); 10. Indonesia as a solution for ethno-geographically isolated societies; Part V. Conclusion: 11. Conclusion; References; Index.
About the author
Joel Sawat Selway is an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science and Director of the Political and Economic Development Laboratories at Brigham Young University, Utah. He has published in several of the field's top journals, including World Politics, Political Analysis, the British Journal of Political Science, Comparative Political Studies and the Journal of Conflict Resolution. Support for his research has come from the Center for Global Health and Center for International Business Education and Research (University of Michigan), the Fulbright Association, and the Brigham Young University Kennedy Center for International Studies.
Summary
Why do some developing countries have more efficient health systems and better health outcomes? This book shows that the design of electoral rules shapes how political leaders make health policies in response to different constellations of social forces. They do so differently, moreover, in different social settings.
