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"We do not know where Silicon Valley is really located", Feldman writes, because these types of organization, when they are dynamic, are moving and fluid.
Innovation and production ecosystems or clusters are proliferating today because they seem to be adapted to the demands of innovation, growth and employment. The process leading to their institutionalization escapes a summary analysis of the behavior triggered by monetary incentives or, at the very least, makes it richer. The relational aspect becomes predominant, the interactions between the participants testify to the difficulty of separating the geographical and social dimensions.
In the most prominent American clusters, public/private linkages and the building of social links express the centrality of networks in the innovation process. The European vision seeks to articulate entrepreneurial discoveries with vertical public interventions. The competitiveness poles in France suffer from the fact that public choices seem to be torn between two contradictory objectives: efficiency and equity.
List of contents
Introduction ix
Chapter 1 The Process of Institutionalization of Innovation and Production Ecosystems 1 1.1 Technologies, rules and learning dynamics 2
1.1.1 Structure and mechanism of an ecosystem 7
1.1.2 Economic behaviors and social relationships 10
1.2 Innovation and production ecosystems and globalization 16
1.2.1 Locations, sources of skills 17
1.2.2 Long-term decisions 18
1.2.3 Basic research and development of products 23
1.2.4 Innovation and production ecosystems and the choice of location 26
1.3 Synthesis 27
1.4 Conclusion 34
Chapter 2 The Problems Raised by the Analysis of Innovation and Production Ecosystems 37 2.1 Justifying public intervention 38
2.2 Innovation and production ecosystems and open innovation 43
2.3 Industrial structures 46
2.4 Conclusion 48
Chapter 3 American Innovation and Production Ecosystems 51 3.1 Characteristics of American innovation and production ecosystems 52
3.1.1 An environment which fosters innovation 52
3.1.2 Solid foundations 54
3.2 Biotechnology clusters 59
3.2.1 The network effect 63
3.2.2 High growth rates in clusters with heterogeneous populations 66
3.2.3 Clusters and the development of market effects 67
3.3 Conclusion 69
Chapter 4 Competitiveness Poles 73 4.1 Why develop competitiveness poles? 73
4.2 Competitiveness poles and the legacy of systèmes productifs locaux (SPL) 76
4.3 Analyzing 77
4.4 Conclusion 84
Chapter 5 European Innovation and Production Ecosystems 87 5.1 The cluster analysis framework 88
5.1.1 Clusters: a reality more than a concept 88
5.1.2 Toward a generalized ecosystem of innovation 95
5.2 The Cambridge science and technology cluster 98
5.2.1 Knowledge-intensive services and innovation 100
5.2.2 The Cambridge cluster: structure and development 104
5.3 The foundations of cluster policy 109
5.3.1 Content and contribution of cluster policies 109
5.3.2 A new approach based on the smart specialization strategy 112
5.4 Conclusion 120
Conclusion 123
Bibliography 129
Index 141
About the author
Bernard Guilhon, SKEMA Business School, France.
