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Informationen zum Autor Thomas B. Sheridan is Ford Professor Emeritus in the Aeronautics/Astronautics and Mechanical Engineering departments at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA. He directed a research laboratory on human-system interaction at MIT. He served as President of both the IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society and the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and author of Humans and Automation (Wiley, 2002). Klappentext This book presents theories and models to examine how humans interact with complex automated systems, including both empirical and theoretical methods . This book provides an overview of the reasons for modeling in the human-technology system, including the various pitfalls and difficulties. Scientific modeling has become a critical part of research and design. This is especially true in systems where humans and technology interact, where cognitive and physical variables come together. The book discusses models and tradeoffs for large-scale societal systems. Other topics the book covers include the considerations in rational modeling in any field of science or engineering, the various forms of representation that a model can take, and the most important elements of the model, with references cited for further reading. The authors identify several categories of major societal issues, particularly with respect to analyzing trade-off relationships. In addition, this book: Provides examples of models appropriate to the four stages of human-system interaction Examines in detail the philosophical underpinnings and assumptions of modeling Discusses how a model fits into "doing science" and the considerations in garnering evidence and arriving at beliefs for the modeled phenomena Modeling Human-System Interaction is a reference for professionals in industry, academia, and government who are researching, designing, and implementing human-technology systems in transportation, communication, manufacturing, energy, and health care sectors. Zusammenfassung This book presents theories and models to examine how humans interact with complex automated systems! including both empirical and theoretical methods. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface xi Introduction 1 1 Knowledge 5 Gaining New Knowledge 5 Scientific Method: What Is It? 7 Further Observations on the Scientific Method 8 Reasoning Logically 10 Public (Objective) and Private (Subjective) Knowledge 11 The Role of Doubt in Doing Science 11 Evidence: Its use and Avoidance 12 Metaphysics and its Relation to Science 12 Objectivity, Advocacy, and Bias 13 Analogy and Metaphor 14 2 What is a Model? 17 Defining "Model" 17 Model Attributes: A New Taxonomy 20 Examples of Models in Terms of the Attributes 25 Why Make the Effort to Model? 27 Attribute Considerations in Making Models Useful 27 Social Choice 30 What Models are Not 31 3 Important Distinctions in Modeling 33 Objective and Subjective Models 33 Simple and Complex Models 35 Descriptive and Prescriptive (Normative) Models 36 Static and Dynamic Models 36 Deterministic and Probabilistic Models 36 Hierarchy of Abstraction 37 Some Philosophical Perspectives 38 4 Forms of Representation 41 Verbal Models 41 Graphs 42 Maps 44 Schematic Diagrams 45 Logic Diagrams 46 Crisp Versus Fuzzy Logic (see also Appendix, Section "Mathematics of Fuzzy Logic") 48 Symbolic Statements and Statistical Inference (see also Appendix, Section "Mathematics of Statistical Inference From Evidence") 50 5 Acquiring Information 51 Information Communication (see...
