Extracellular Composite Matrices in Arthropods

Emphasis is placed on the elaborate cuticular matrices in insects and crustaceans, spider and insect silks, sialomes of phytophagous and blood-feeding arthropods as well as on secretions of male and female accessory glands. Focus is placed largely on insects, due to the extensive body of published research that in part is the result of available whole genome sequences of several model species (in particular Drosophila melanogaster) and accessible ESTs for other species. Such advances have facilitated fundamental insights into genomic, proteomic and molecular biology-based physiology. This new volume contains comprehensive contributions on extracellular composite matrices in arthropods. The building blocks of such matrices are formed in and secreted by single layered epithelial cells into exterior domains where their final assembly takes place.Additionally, the unique mechanical properties of natural biocomposites like chitin/chitosan, the crustacean mineralized exoskeleton, the pliant protein resilin or insect and spider silks, have inspired basic and applied research that yield sophistical biomimetics and structural biocomposite hybrids important for future industrial and biomedical use. In summary, this book provides an invaluable vast source of basic and applied information for a plethora of scientists as well as textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate students.

List of contents

Part A     Skeletal matrices       1   Genes of Cuticular Proteins and their Regulation - H. Kawasaki1.1 Recent Classification of Cuticular Proteins and the Construction of Cuticular Layers1.2 Factors that Affect the Expression of Cuticular Proteins1.3 Application of Genome Information1.4 Regulation of Gene Expression of Cuticular Proteins1.5 Future Prospects2   Chitin Synthetic and Degradation Pathways - S. Muthukrishnan, Y. Arakane, H. Merzendorfer and Q. yang2.1  Introduction2.2  Structure of Chitin2.3  Higher Order Structures Involving Chitin Fibers in the Cuticle2.4  Higher Order Structures in the Peritrophic Matrix2.5  Precursors of Chitin and generation of Activated Substrates2.6  Towards the Mode of Action of Insect Chitin Synthases2.7  Regulation of Chitin Synthesis2.8  Chitin deacetylation and Possible Role in Cuticle Assembly2.9  Chitin deacetylases in Insects2.10 Chitin Degradation   2.11 Chitinolytic N-Acetylglucosaminidase and their Genes2.12 Additional Proteins Involved in Chitin Protection and Degradation2.13 Cuticular Proteins Analogous to Peritrophins2.14 Cuticular Proteins Belonging to R&R and Other Groups2.15 Concluding Remarks3    Molecular model of skeletal organization and differentiation - B. Moussian3.1  Introduction3.2  Cuticles of Model Insects3.3  Conceptual model of cuticle differentiation3.4  Outlook4    Resilin - The Pliant Protein - J. Michels, E. Appel, S.N. Gorb4.1  Introduction4.2  Biochemistry and molecular biology4.3  Identification and visualization of resilin4.4  Mechanical properties of resilin4.5  Occurrence and function in different systems4.6  Biomimetics4.7  Conclusions and outlook5    The Mineralized Exoskeletons of Crustaceans - S. Bentov, S. Abehsera and A. Sagi5.1       Introduction5.2       The advantage of mineralization5.3       Degree of mineralization5.4       Degree of crystallization5.5       The combination of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate5.6       Involvement of proteins and genes5.7       Potential biomimetic applications inspired by the crustacean exoskeleton5.8       Concluding remarks6         Tyrosine Metabolism in Insect Cuticle Pigmentation and              Sclerotization -  M. Y. Noh, T. Asano, J. J. Kramer and Y. Arakane6.1          Introduction6.2          Functions of Key Enzymes/Proteins Involved in Cuticle Pigmentation and Sclerotization6.3         Interactions and Functions of Pigments in Insects6.4        Hormonal Regulation of Cuticle Pigmentation 6.5        Future Prospects and Concluding Remarks7          Cuticular Hydrocarbons: Biochemistry and Chemical Ecology - M. D.  Ginzel and G. J. Blomquist 7.1         Introduction7.2          Chemical Composition of Insect Hydrocarbons7.3           Hydrocarbon Biosynthesis7.4           Ecological and Behavioral Aspects7.5            Future DirectionsPart B     Peritrophic Membranes and Eggshell Matrices - 8          Peritrophic Matrices - H. Merzendorfer, M. Kekenberg and S. Muthukrishnan8.1         Introduction8.2         Structural Components on the Peritrophic Matrix8.3         Peritrophic Matrix Formation and assembly8.4         Peritrophic Matrix Properties and Structure-Function Relationship of Peritrophic                 Matrix Components8.5          Function of the Peritrophic Matrix8.6          Mechanisms Developed by Pathogens and Parasites to Cross the Peritrophic                Membrane Barrier8.7         Comparative Genomics: Peritrophic Matrix Proteins in Different Insect Orders8.8         Peritrophic Matrix as a Target for Pest Control8.9        RNAi-Based Strategies8.10      Concluding Remarks and Perspectives9        Composite Eggshell Matrices: Chorionic Layers and Sub-            Chorionic Cuticular Envelopes - G. L. Rezende, H. C. M. Vargas, B. Moussian and E. Cohen9.1          Introduction9.2          Maternal Eggshell Layers9.3         Cuticular Egg Envelopes of Arthropods9.4          Concluding RemarksPart C Skeletal Components as Targets for Interference10      Targeting Cuticular Components for Pest Management - D. Doucet and A. Retnakaran10.1        Introduction10.2        Structure of the Integument10.3        The Epicuticle10.4     The Endocuticle10.5    Interfering with Chitin Formation and Degradation10.6      The Exocuticle10.7      The Eclosion Cascade10.8      Identifying Other Possible Targets During Cuticle Genesis10.9      ConclusionsPart D     Glandular Secretions -       11      Nature and Functions of Glands and Ducts in the Drosophila Reproductive Tract    F. W. Avila, J. A. Sánchez-López, J. L. McGlaughon, S. Raman, M. F. Wolfner and Y. Heifetz11.1       Introduction11.2       Setting the Context 11.3       Reproductive Tract Development and Overview11.4       The Male Reproductive Tract 11.5       Fates of Male Secretions in Mated Females 11.6       The Female Reproductive Tract 11.7        Taking Control - Female Secretions Shape Later Reproductive Functionality11.8        Concluding Remarks12        Molecular and Structural Properties of Spider Silk - T. Crawford, C. Williams, R. Hekman, S. Dyrness, A. Arata and C. Vierra12.1        Introduction12.2        Diversity of Spider Silk12.3         Natural Silk Extrusion Pathway12.4         Expression Systems for Recombinant Silk Production12.5        Biomimicry of the Spinning Process, Applications and Products12.6         Summary and Future Challenges13           Spider Silks: Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties and Biomimetic Applications - S. Zhang and I-M Tso13.1          Introduction13.2          Biology of Spider Silk13.3          Factors Affecting Silk Mechanical Properties13.4         Current and Potential Applications13.5         Summary and Future Expectations14           Insect Silks and Cocoons: Structural and Molecular Aspects -  K. Yukuhiro, H. Sezuku, T. Tsubota, Y. Takasu, T. Kameda and N. Yonemura14.1        Introduction14.2       Silk gland morphology14.3       Cocoons produced by lepidopteran larvae14.4       Fibroins in lepidopteran silks14.5       Sericins as glue proteins14.6       Differences in shape and function of silk glands among insects14.7        Different features in silks of non-lepidopteran insects14.8        Gene modification in silk glands using transgenic technology for industrial use14.9        Conclusions15   Glands of Drosophila melanogaster, A Model System  -  R. Farkas15.1  Introduction15.2  Larval Exocytotic Activity of Drosophila Salivary Glands    15.3  Apocrine Secretion by Drosophila SGs     Vertebrates    15.4  Conclusions   16  Salivary Gland Secretions of Phytophagous Arthropods - M. P. Celorio-Mancera and  J. M. Labavitch16.1 Introduction16. 2 Salivary Glands and their Components16.3 Salivary Components and the Interaction between Plants and Arthropods During Herbivory16.4. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives17 Glandular Matrices and Secretions: Blood-Feeding Arthropods - B. Mans17. 1        Introduction - Evolution of Blood-Feeding in Arthropods17.2         The Vector-Host Interphase17.3         The Host Dermis and Defense Response17.4         Arthropod Modelling of the Host Matrix17.5         Arthropod Modulation of Host Defenses17.6       Sialoverse17.7       Future Perspectives

About the author

Prof. Ephraim Cohen is the Morris and Helen Mauerberger Chair in Agricultural Entomology Academic degrees and appointments: 1972 Lecturer -Tel Aviv University 2000-2003 Head Dept. of Entomology 2001 Chairperson of the Steering Committee for Biological and Chemical Residues in Animals and Animal Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Israel The Hebrew University: 1978 Senior Lecturer 1985 Associate Professor 1990 Professor 1986-1989 Head, Plant Protection Studies 2000 Head, Dept. of Entomology 2004 The Morris Helen Mauerberger Chair in Agricultural Entomology Research Associate at University of California, Berkeley, California (Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory) 1977-1979; 1983-1984; 1989; 1994-1995. 1998-1999 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia 2004-2005 University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

Summary

Emphasis is placed on the elaborate cuticular matrices in insects and crustaceans, spider and insect silks, sialomes of phytophagous and blood-feeding arthropods as well as on secretions of male and female accessory glands. Focus is placed largely on insects, due to the extensive body of published research that in part is the result of available whole genome sequences of several model species (in particular Drosophila melanogaster) and accessible ESTs for other species. Such advances have facilitated fundamental insights into genomic, proteomic and molecular biology-based physiology. This new volume contains comprehensive contributions on extracellular composite matrices in arthropods. The building blocks of such matrices are formed in and secreted by single layered epithelial cells into exterior domains where their final assembly takes place.Additionally, the unique mechanical properties of natural biocomposites like chitin/chitosan, the crustacean mineralized exoskeleton, the pliant protein resilin or insect and spider silks, have inspired basic and applied research that yield sophistical biomimetics and structural biocomposite hybrids important for future industrial and biomedical use. In summary, this book provides an invaluable vast source of basic and applied information for a plethora of scientists as well as textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate students.

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Product details

• Assisted by: Ephrai Cohen (Editor), Ephraim Cohen (Editor), Moussian (Editor), Moussian (Editor), Bernard Moussian (Editor)
• Publisher: Springer, Berlin
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 01.01.2016
• EAN: 9783319407388
• ISBN: 978-3-31-940738-8
• No. of pages: 712
• Dimensions: 163 mm x 39 mm x 241 mm
• Weight: 1319 g
• Illustrations: XIII, 712 p. 122 illus., 83 illus. in color.
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Biology > Zoology; B, Life Sciences, Anatomy, molecular biology, Zoology & animal sciences, Ecological science, the Biosphere, Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cellular biology (cytology), Zoology, Cell Biology, Entomology, Developmental biology, Molecular Ecology, Animal Anatomy / Morphology / Histology, Animal anatomy, Zoology and animal sciences