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Klappentext For use on minority politics courses, this book reflects a wider array of minority groups than most texts, and the diversity within each group. Using a framework based on four types of representation-descriptive, formalistic, symbolic, and substantive- Rebekah Herrick delves into the very definition of a minority group in politics: one that is under-represented. Zusammenfassung The first book of its kind to examine race, ethnic, gender, and sexual minorities revealing the similarities and differences of groups’ underrepresentation. Inhaltsverzeichnis Chapter 1: Minorities and Representation Who Are Minorities?: Race as a Category Who Are Minorities?: Ethnicity as a Category Who Are Minorities?: Gender and Sexual Minorities Representation Overview of the Book Conclusion: Similarities, Differences, and Intersectionality in Representation Chapter 2: Descriptive Representation and Minorities: Legislatures and Other Elective Offices Levels of Descriptive Representation in Legislatures Levels of Descriptive Representation in Executive Positions What Affects Levels of Descriptive Representation? Descriptive Representation is Not Sufficient Conclusion: Similarities, Differences, and Intersectionality Chapter 3: Minorities and Formalistic Representation: Laws, Institutional Design, and Elections Formal Representation and the Right to Vote Electoral Systems Institutional Design The Fourteenth Amendment Conclusion: Similarities, Differences, and Intersectionality Chapter 4: Policy Representation and Minorities in Legislatures Key Minority Policy Interests Does Descriptive Representation Lead to Substantive Representation? What Affects Policy Representation? Initiative and Referenda Effects on Minority Interests Demonstration Casework/Constituency Services and Pork Barreling by Minority Legislators Conclusion: Similarities and Differences in Policy Representation Chapter 5: Minorities and Symbolic Representation Measuring Minorities¿ Attitudes Levels of Symbolic Representation What Affects the Symbolic Representation of Minorities? Symbolic Legislation: Representing Minorities through Symbolic Actions Conclusion: Decreasing Gaps in Symbolic Representation Chapter 6: Minority Representation and the Judicial Branch The Court Systems Descriptive Representation: The Numbers Game What Affects Descriptive Representation in the Judicial Branch? Descriptive and Substantive Representation on the Courts Key Court Cases Conclusion: Improving Descriptive Representation but Mixed Record of Courts' Protection of Minorities Chapter 7: Representative Bureaucracy The Influence of Bureaucrats on Policy Level of Passive Representation What Affects Passive Representation? The Effects of Passive Representation on Active Representation Conclusion: Similarities and Differences in Minority Representation in the Bureaucracy Chapter 8: Public Opinion and Minority Interests Attitudes Toward Racial and Ethnic Minorities Attitudes Toward Women Attitudes Toward LGBT Persons Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action Attitudes Toward LGBT Issues Attitudes Toward Abortion Attitudes Toward Immigration Social Desirability Biases in Surveys Influences on Americans¿ Attitudes Toward Minority Interests Conclusion: Varied but Increasing Acceptance of Minorities and Their Issues Chapter 9: Minority Groups and Political Resources Size and Distribution of Minority Populations The Voting Eligibility of American Minorities The Socioeconomic Status of Minorities The Civic Engagement of Minorities Conclusion: Variation among Groups in Their Resources Chapter 10: Acculturation, Group Consciousness, and Cohesion among Individuals with Shared Minori...
