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This book is a short introduction to the engineering principles of harnessing the vast potential of microorganisms, and animal and plant cells in making biochemical products. It was written for scientists who have no background in engineering, and for engineers with minimal background in biology. The overall subject dealt with is process. But the coverage goes beyond the process of biomanufacturing in the bioreactor, and extends to the factory of cell's biosynthetic machinery.
Starting with an overview of biotechnology and organism, engineers are eased into biochemical reactions and life scientists are exposed to the technology of production using cells. Subsequent chapters allow engineers to be acquainted with biochemical pathways, while life scientist learn about stoichiometric and kinetic principles of reactions and cell growth. This leads to the coverage of reactors, oxygen transfer and scale up. Following three chapters on biomanufacturing of current and future importance, i.e. cell culture, stem cells and synthetic biology, the topic switches to product purification, first with a conceptual coverage of operations used in bioseparation, and then a more detailed analysis to provide a conceptual understanding of chromatography, the modern workhorse of bioseparation.
Drawing on principles from engineering and life sciences, this book is for practitioners in biotechnology and bioengineering. The author has used the book for a course for advanced students in both engineering and life sciences. To this end, problems are provided at the end of each chapter.
List of contents
Preface xvii
About the CompanionWebsite xix
1 An Overview of Bioprocess Technology and Biochemical Engineering 1
1.1 A Brief History of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering 1
1.1.1 Classical Biotechnology 1
1.1.2 Recombinant DNA 4
1.1.3 A Typical Bioprocess 6
1.1.4 Biochemical Engineering and Bioprocess Technology 8
1.2 Industrial Organisms 10
1.2.1 Prokaryotes 12
1.2.1.1 Eubacteria and Archaea 12
1.2.2 Eukaryotic Microorganisms 12
1.2.2.1 Fungi 13
1.2.2.2 Algae 13
1.2.3 Multicellular Organisms andTheir Cells 13
1.2.3.1 Insect Cells 13
1.2.3.2 Plant Cells, Tissues, and Organs 13
1.2.3.3 Animal Cells, Tissues, and Organs 14
1.2.4 Transgenic Plants and Animals 14
1.3 Biotechnological Products 15
1.3.1 Metabolic Process 15
1.3.2 Metabolites 18
1.3.3 Cells, Tissues, and Their Components 19
1.3.3.1 Viruses 20
1.3.4 Secreted Enzymes and Other Biopolymers 20
1.3.5 Recombinant DNA Products 20
1.3.5.1 Heterologous rDNA Proteins 20
1.3.6 Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Pathways 22
1.4 Technology Life Cycle, and Genomics- and Stem Cell-Based New Biotechnology 23
1.4.1 The Story of Penicillin and the Life Cycle of Technology 23
1.4.2 Genomics, Stem Cells, and Transformative Technologies 25
Further Reading 26
Problems 26
2 An Introduction to Industrial Microbiology and Cell Biotechnology 29
2.1 Universal Features of Cells 29
2.2 Cell Membranes, Barriers, and Transporters 30
2.3 Energy Sources for Cells 31
2.3.1 Classification of Microorganisms According toTheir Energy Source 32
2.4 Material and Informational Foundation of Living Systems 34
2.4.1 All Cells Use the Same Molecular Building Blocks 34
2.4.2 Genes 34
2.4.3 Genetic Information Processing 36
2.5 Cells of Industrial Importance 36
2.5.1 Prokaryotes 38
2.5.2 Eubacteria 38
2.5.2.1 CellWall and Cell Membrane 38
2.5.2.2 Membrane and Energy Transformation 40
2.5.2.3 Differentiation 41
2.5.3 Archaea 42
2.5.4 Eukaryotes 43
2.5.4.1 The Nucleus 44
2.5.4.2 Mitochondrion 45
2.5.4.3 Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus 46
2.5.4.4 Other Organelles 47
2.5.4.5 Cytosol 48
2.6 Cells Derived from Multicellular Organisms 49
2.7 Concluding Remarks 50
Further Reading 50
Problems 50
3 Stoichiometry of Biochemical Reactions and Cell Growth 53
3.1 Stoichiometry of Biochemical Reactions 53
3.1.1 Metabolic Flux at Steady State 58
3.1.1.1 NAD/NADH Balance in Glycolysis 59
3.1.1.2 OxidativeMetabolism and NADH 60
3.1.2 Maximum Conversion of a Metabolic Product 63
3.2 Stoichiometry for Cell Growth 66
3.2.1 Cell Composition and Material Flow to Make Cell Mass 66
3.2.1.1 Composition and Chemical Formula of Cells 66
3.2.1.2 Material Flow for Biomass Formation 69
3.2.2 Stoichiometric Equation for Cell Growth 70
3.2.2.1 Yield Coefficient 71
3.3 Hypothetical Partition of a Substrate for Biomass and Product Formation 73
3.4 Metabolic Flux Analysis 74
3.4.1 Analysis of a Chemical Reaction System 74
3.4.1.1 Setting Up Material Balance Equations 74
3.4.1.2 Quasi-Steady State 76
3.4.1.3 Stoichiometric Matrix, Flux Vectors, and Solution 76
About the author
WEI-SHOU HU is Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
Summary
This book is a short introduction to the engineering principles of harnessing the vast potential of microorganisms, and animal and plant cells in making biochemical products. It was written for scientists who have no background in engineering, and for engineers with minimal background in biology. The overall subject dealt with is process.
