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The latest achievements of earthquake prediction via radio communication systems, by the world's leading authority
Prof. Hayakawa is one of the world leaders in the field of seismo-electromagnetics for EQ prediction and this area of research is still evolving
Presents the fundamentals of radio communications and radio propagation, using the radio noises and propagation anomalies as a precursor of earthquakes
Considers the combination of different kinds of seismogenic electromagnetic signals of both natural and artificial character
Timely topic following the recent sequence of highly destructive earthquakes around the world
List of contents
Preface ix
1 Earthquakes and EQ Prediction 1
1.1 Fundamentals of Earthquakes 1
1.1.1 Naturally Occurring EQs 3
1.1.2 EQ Fault Types 3
1.1.3 EQs Away from Plate Boundaries (Interplate EQs) 4
1.1.4 Shallow-Focus and Deep-Focus EQs 5
1.1.5 Frequency of EQ Occurrence 5
1.2 Conventional EQ Prediction by Seismic Measurements 5
1.2.1 Historical Background 5
1.2.2 Measurement of EQs and Crustal Movement 8
1.2.3 Long-Term, Medium-Term, and Short-Term EQ Prediction 9
1.3 Nonconventional (Nonseismic) EQ Prediction with Radio Technique 10
1.3.1 Historical Introduction of EQ Prediction 10
1.3.2 Nonseismic (Mainly Electromagnetic) Short-Term Precursors 12
References 16
2 Radio Communication and Radio Noise 19
2.1 Communication Systems 19
2.1.1 General Scheme of Communication and Communication Systems 19
2.1.2 General Scheme of Communication Systems 19
2.1.3 General Scheme of Communication Media 21
2.2 Propagating Media of Radio Communications 22
2.2.1 Radio Propagation Types 22
2.2.2 Radio Signal Transmission and Propagation Characteristics 23
2.3 Major Radio Propagation Types (General Characteristics) 24
2.3.1 Ground Wave Propagation 24
2.3.2 Tropospheric Propagation 29
2.3.3 Ionospheric Propagation/Earth-Space Propagation 33
2.4 Radio Noise 36
References 39
3 DC/ULF Technique 41
3.1 Historical Introduction 41
3.2 DC Geoelectric Signals 43
3.2.1 VAN Observational Method 43
3.2.2 Selectivity Law: How to Estimate the EQ Epicenter 46
3.2.3 VAN Relationships: How to Estimate the EQ Magnitude 47
3.2.4 Variety of SES: How to Estimate the Time of a Coming EQ 47
3.2.5 Results of EQ Prediction Using VAN Method 48
3.2.6 Discussion 48
3.3 ULF Electromagnetic Emissions 52
3.3.1 Introduction 52
3.3.2 Three Major ULF Events 52
3.3.3 Correlation between ULF Emissions and EQs 54
3.3.4 Existing ULF Networks in Japan 55
3.3.5 Analysis Methods of ULF Magnetic Field Variations 58
3.3.6 Characteristics of Seismogenic ULF Emissions and Current Activities 63
3.4 Generation Mechanism of DC/ULF Emissions 64
3.4.1 Microfracturing Mechanism 64
3.4.2 Induction Mechanism 66
3.4.3 Electrokinetic Mechanism 68
3.5 ULF Magnetic Field Depression 74
3.5.1 ULF Magnetic Field Depression as a New Phenomenon 74
3.5.2 An Example for the 2011 Japan EQ 75
3.5.3 Generation Mechanism of ULF Magnetic Field Depression 79
References 81
4 ELF Techniques 87
4.1 Characteristics of Extremely Low-Frequency Waves 87
4.2 Theoretical Aspects of Propagation on VLF/ELF 87
4.2.1 Rays and Modes 87
4.2.2 Fresnel Reflection 91
4.3 Propagation of ELF Waves 93
4.4 Seismogenic ELF Electromagnetic Emissions 95
4.4.1 ELF Sensors and Selection of Frequency 95
4.4.2 Some Examples 99
4.4.3 Statistical Results 100
4.4.4 Generation Mechanism of Seismogenic ELF Emissions 101
4.5 Anomalies in SRs 101
4.5.1 An Event Study: 1999 Taiwan Chi-chi EQ 102
4.5.2 Statistical Results 120
4.6 ULF/ELF Electromagnetic Radiation before the March 11, 2011, Japanese EQ 125
4.6.1 ULF/ELF Precursor 126
References 135
5 VLF/LF Techniques 139
5.1 Characteristics of ELF/VLF/LF Waves 139
5
About the author
Masashi Hayakawa University of Electro-Communications, Japan
Summary
The latest achievements of earthquake prediction via radio communication systems, by the world's leading authority Prof.
