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by Norman H. Silverman Over the last two decades, the value of examining the fetal heart has moved from an experimental procedure of diagnostic curiosity to a front-line form of evaluating fetal cardiac health and disease. There have been numerous advances in the associated te- nology, including high-resolution imaging, the introduction of reliable color flow and pulse Doppler, and M-Mode and continuous-wave Doppler recordings in some inst- ments. Such advances continue, with the potential for 3D imaging using spatiotem- ral image correlation (STIC) and full-volume fetal technology. The techniques used by obstetric sonographers in all fields, including physicians from the fields of radiology, obstetrics, and pediatric cardiology, together with te- nologists who support and do most of the scanning, require a fundamental understanding of ultrasound as well as anatomy, physiology, and the various cardiac pathologies that occur in the fetus. This book addresses these fundamentals, providing correlations by means of diagrams and images of fetal cardiac morphology and pathology. The scans are quite unique, having been collected over several years by the principal author, Dr. Enrico M. Chiappa, from his laboratories in Italy, and provide exquisite echoc- diography of normal and congenitally malformed hearts. These are complemented by the excellent pathological images of Dr. Andrew C. Cook and Dr. Gianni Botta, who provided high-quality images of normal and pathological fetal heart conditions, which are displayed as support for the echocardiographic images. The organization of this book is oriented toward practitioners.
List of contents
Basic Principles of Diagnosis.- General Guidelines.- Determining the Laterality of the Fetal Body and Image Orientation.- The Visceroatrial Arrangement (Situs).- The Cardiac Position and Axis Orientation.- Principles of Segmental Analysis.- Echocardiographic Projections.- The Transverse Views of the Upper Abdomen.- The Four-Chamber View.- The Five-Chamber View.- The Three-Vessel View.- The Arterial Duct Transverse View.- The Aortic Arch Transverse View.- The Arterial Duct and Aortic Arch Transverse View.- The Inferior and Superior Vena Cava Long-Axis View (The Bicaval View).- The Aortic Arch Long-Axis View.- The Arterial Duct Long-Axis View.- Special Considerations on the Arterial Duct and Aortic Arch Views.- The Right Ventricle Outflow View.- The Left Ventricle Short-Axis View.- The Left Ventricle Long-Axis View.- Echocardiographic and Morpologic Overview.- Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Assessment of the Fetal Heart.- The Role of the Pathologist in the Diagnosis of Fetal Heart Disease.
