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As biomaterials are used in medical devices, meeting needs in such diverse surgical disciplines as ophthalmology, cardiology, neuromuscular surgery, orthopaedics, dentistry, etc., they must have intimate contact with patient's tissue or body fluids, providing a real physical interface which seriously restricts developments.
This book is written for those who would like to advance their knowledge of biomaterials. The subject matter of the book is divided into twelve chapters dealing with the structure and relationship of biological and man-made biomaterials. The application of these materials for various medical devices, and recent developments in tissue engineering, are also discussed.
List of contents
1. Overview of Biomaterials.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Historical developments.- 1.3 Construction materials.- 1.4 Impact of biomaterials.- 1.5 Strength of biological tissues.- 1.6 Performance of implants.- 1.7 Tissue response to implants.- 1.8 Interfacial phenomena.- 1.9 Safety and efficacy testing.- 1.10 Summary.- 2. Structure and Properties of Materials.- 2.1 Atomic and molecular bonds.- 2.2 Crystal structure of solids.- 2.3 Phase changes.- 2.4 Crystal imperfections.- 2.5 Noncrystalline solids.- 2.6 Surface properties.- 2.7 Mechanical properties of materials.- 2.8 Thermal treatments.- 2.9 Surface improvements.- 2.10 Sterilization.- 2.11 Summary.- 3. Metals.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Stainless steels.- 3.3 Cobalt-Chromium alloys.- 3.4 Titanium based alloys.- 3.5 Nitinol.- 3.6 Other metals.- 3.7 Metallic corrosion.- 3.8 Biological tolerance of implant metals.- 3.9 Summary.- 4. Ceramics.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Carbons.- 4.3 Alumina.- 4.4 Yttria stabilized zirconia.- 4.5 Surface reactive ceramics.- 4.6 Resorbable ceramics.- 4.7 Composites.- 4.8 Analysis of ceramic surfaces.- 4.9 Summary.- 5. Synthetic Polymers.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Polymers in biomedical use.- 5.3 Polyethylene and polypropylene.- 5.4 Perfluorinated polymers.- 5.5 Acrylic polymers.- 5.6 Hydrogels.- 5.7 Polyurethanes.- 5.8 Polyamides.- 5.9 Biodegradable synthetic polymers.- 5.10 Silicone rubber.- 5.11 Plasma polymerization.- 5.12 Microorganisms in polymeric implants.- 5.13 Polymer sterilization.- 5.14 Summary.- 6. Biopolymers.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Collagens.- 6.3 Elastin.- 6.4 Mucopolysaccharides.- 6.5 Proteo glycans.- 6.6 Cellulose and derivatives.- 6.7 Chitin.- 6.8 Other polysaccharides.- 6.9 Summary.- 7. Tissues Grafts.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Blood.- 7.3 Tissue grafts and rejection processes.- 7.4 Skin.- 7.5 Skin grafts.- 7.6 Connective tissue grafts.- 7.7 Summary.- 8. Soft Tissue Applications.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Bulk space fillers.- 8.3 Maxillofacial implants.- 8.4 Fluid transfer implants.- 8.5 Functional load-carrying and supporting implants.- 8.6 Percutaneous devices.- 8.7 Biomaterials in urological practice.- 8.8 Microencapsulation of live animal cells.- 8.9 Summary.- 9. Cardiovascular Implants and Extracorporeal Devices.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2. Blood clotting.- 9.3 Blood rheology.- 9.4 Blood vessels.- 9.5 The heart.- 9.6 Aorta and valves.- 9.7 Geometry of blood circulation.- 9.8 The lungs.- 9.9 Vascular implants.- 9.10 Cardiac pacemakers.- 9.11 Blood substitutes.- 9.12 Kidney function.- 9.13 Water in human body.- 9.14 Extracorporeal blood circulation devices.- 9.15 Summary.- 10. Biomaterials in Ophthalmology.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Anatomy of eye.- 10.3. Viscoelastic solutions.- 10.4 Contact lenses.- 10.5 Optical implants.- 10.6 Drainage tubes in glaucoma.- 10.7 Scleral buckling materials for retinal detachment.- 10.8 Vitreous implants.- 10.9 Acrylate adhesives.- 10.10 Eye shields.- 10.11 Artificial tears.- 10.12 Summary.- 11. Orthopaedic Implants.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Bone composition and properties.- 11.3 Temporary fixation devices.- 11.4 Fracture healing by electrical and electromagnetic stimulation.- 11.5 Joint replacement.- 11.6 Knee joint repair.- 11. 7 Bone regeneration with resorbable material.- 11.8 Summary.- 12. Dental Materials.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Teeth composition and mechanical properties.- 12.3 Impression materials.- 12.4 Bases, liners and varnishes for cavities.- 12.5 Fillings and restorative materials.- 12.6 Materials for deep cavities.- 12.7 Metals in dentistry.- 12.8 Oral implants.- 12.9 Use of collagen in dentistry.- 12.10 Summary.- Exercises.
