Chemical Fundamentals of Geology and Environmental Geoscience

Informationen zum Autor Robin Gill lectured in geochemistry and igneous petrology at the University of London for 22 years, and before that held postdoctoral posts at the Universities of Manchester, Western Ontario and Oxford. His other books include Igneous Rocks and Processes : A Practical Guide (2010) and Modern Analytical Geochemistry (editor, 1997) Klappentext Chemical principles are fundamental to the Earth sciences, and geoscience students increasingly require a firm grasp of basic chemistry to succeed in their studies. The enlarged third edition of this highly regarded textbook introduces the student to such 'geo-relevant' chemistry, presented in the same lucid and accessible style as earlier editions, but the new edition has been strengthened in its coverage of environmental geoscience and incorporates a new chapter introducing isotope geochemistry. The book comprises three broad sections. The first (Chapters 1-4) deals with the basic physical chemistry of geological processes. The second (Chapters 5-8) introduces the wave-mechanical view of the atom and explains the various types of chemical bonding that give Earth  materials their diverse and distinctive properties. The final chapters (9-11) survey the geologically relevant elements and isotopes, and explain their formation and their abundances in the cosmos and the Earth. The book concludes with an extensive glossary of terms; appendices cover basic maths, explain basic solution chemistry, and list the chemical elements and the symbols, units and constants used in the book. Zusammenfassung Chemical principles are fundamental to the Earth sciences, and geoscience students increasingly require a firm grasp of basic chemistry to succeed in their studies. Inhaltsverzeichnis PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION ix PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION x PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xiv 1 ENERGY IN GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 1 Introduction 1 Energy in mechanical systems 4 Energy in chemical and mineral systems: free energy 5 Stable, unstable and metastable minerals 10 Further reading 13 2 EQUILIBRIUM IN GEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 14 The significance of mineral stability 14 Systems, phases and components 16 Equilibrium 18 Phase diagrams in P-T space 20 Phase diagrams in T-X space 26 Ternary phase diagrams 36 Review 41 Further reading 41 Sources of thermodynamic data for minerals 42 Exercises 42 3 KINETICS OF EARTH PROCESSES 43 Defining the rate of a reaction 44 Temperature-dependence of reaction rate 47 Diffusion 52 Melt viscosity 55 Persistence of metastable minerals: closure temperature 57 Review 58 Further reading 58 Exercises 59 4 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND THE HYDROSPHERE 60 Ways of expressing the concentrations of major constituents 61 Equilibrium constant 63 Non-ideal solutions: activity coefficient 69 Natural waters 70 Oxidation and reduction: Eh-pH diagrams 75 Further reading 81 Exercises 81 5 ELECTRONS IN ATOMS 82 Why does a geologist need to understand atoms? 82 The atom 83 Stationary waves 85 Electron waves in atoms 88 The shapes of electron orbitals 90 Electron energy levels 93 Review 98 Further reading 98 Exercises 98 6 WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM THE PERIODIC TABLE 99 Ionization energy 99 The Periodic Table 102 Electronegativity 103 Valency 104 Atomic spectra 105 Review 109 Further reading 110 Exercises 110 7 CHEMICAL BONDING AND THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 111 The ionic model of bonding 111 T...

List of contents

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION ix
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION x
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xi
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii
 
ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xiv
 
1 ENERGY IN GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 1
 
Introduction 1
 
Energy in mechanical systems 4
 
Energy in chemical and mineral systems: free energy 5
 
Stable, unstable and metastable minerals 10
 
Further reading 13
 
2 EQUILIBRIUM IN GEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 14
 
The significance of mineral stability 14
 
Systems, phases and components 16
 
Equilibrium 18
 
Phase diagrams in P-T space 20
 
Phase diagrams in T-X space 26
 
Ternary phase diagrams 36
 
Review 41
 
Further reading 41
 
Sources of thermodynamic data for minerals 42
 
Exercises 42
 
3 KINETICS OF EARTH PROCESSES 43
 
Defining the rate of a reaction 44
 
Temperature-dependence of reaction rate 47
 
Diffusion 52
 
Melt viscosity 55
 
Persistence of metastable minerals: closure temperature 57
 
Review 58
 
Further reading 58
 
Exercises 59
 
4 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND THE HYDROSPHERE 60
 
Ways of expressing the concentrations of major constituents 61
 
Equilibrium constant 63
 
Non-ideal solutions: activity coefficient 69
 
Natural waters 70
 
Oxidation and reduction: Eh-pH diagrams 75
 
Further reading 81
 
Exercises 81
 
5 ELECTRONS IN ATOMS 82
 
Why does a geologist need to understand atoms? 82
 
The atom 83
 
Stationary waves 85
 
Electron waves in atoms 88
 
The shapes of electron orbitals 90
 
Electron energy levels 93
 
Review 98
 
Further reading 98
 
Exercises 98
 
6 WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM THE PERIODIC TABLE 99
 
Ionization energy 99
 
The Periodic Table 102
 
Electronegativity 103
 
Valency 104
 
Atomic spectra 105
 
Review 109
 
Further reading 110
 
Exercises 110
 
7 CHEMICAL BONDING AND THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 111
 
The ionic model of bonding 111
 
The covalent model of bonding 118
 
Bonding in minerals 126
 
Other types of atomic and molecular interaction 129
 
Review 132
 
Further reading 132
 
Exercises 132
 
8 SILICATE CRYSTALS AND MELTS 133
 
Silicate polymers 133
 
Cation sites in silicates 140
 
Optical properties of crystals 146
 
Defects in crystals 148
 
Further reading 151
 
Exercises 151
 
9 SOME GEOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT ELEMENTS 153
 
Major and trace elements 153
 
Alkali metals 154
 
Hydrogen 156
 
Alkaline earth metals 156
 
Aluminium 157
 
Carbon 159
 
Silicon 166
 
Nitrogen and phosphorus 166
 
Oxygen 167
 
Sulfur 168
 
Fluorine 170
 
Noble gases 171
 
Transition metals 171
 
Rare earth elements 175
 
Actinides 176
 
Further reading 177
 
Exercise 177
 
10 WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM ISOTOPES? 178
 
Isotope systems 179
 
Radiogenic isotope systems 181
 
Stable isotope systems 195
 
Cosmogenic radioisotope systems 203
 
Review 204
 
Further reading 204
 
Exercises 204
 
11 THE ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE 206
 
The significance of element abundance 206
 
Measuring cosmic and Solar System abundances 206
 
T

Product details

• Authors: R Gill, Robin Gill, Robin (Royal Holloway University of London) Gill, Gill Robin
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Paperback / Softback
• Released: 30.01.2015
• EAN: 9780470656655
• ISBN: 978-0-470-65665-5
• No. of pages: 288
• Series: Wiley Desktop Editions; Wiley Desktop Editions
• Subjects: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Chemistry; Chemie, Geologie, Umweltchemie, Geowissenschaften, chemistry, Earth Sciences, Environmental Chemistry, Allg. Geowissenschaften, Geochemie, Mineralogie, Geochemistry & Minerology