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Klappentext The Carolingian 'renaissance' of the late eighth and ninth centuries! in what is now France! western Germany and northern Italy! transformed medieval European culture. At the same time it engendered a need to ensure that clergy! monks and laity embraced orthodox Christian doctrine. This book offers a new perspective on the period by examining transformations in a major current of thought as revealed through literature and artistic imagery: the doctrine of the Passion and the crucified Christ. The evidence of a range of literary sources is surveyed - liturgical texts! poetry! hagiography! letters! homilies! exegetical and moral tractates - but special attention is given to writings from the discussions and debates concerning artistic images! Adoptionism! predestination! and the Eucharist. Inhaltsverzeichnis List of illustrations; Preface; List of abbreviations; 1. Introduction; 2. The passion and Christological inquiry at the court of Charlemagne; 3. The crucified God in the Gellone Sacramentary and Hrabanus Maurus' In honorem sanctae crucis; 4. The crucified Christ in later Carolingian literature; 5. For whom did Christ die?: the controversy over divine predestination; 6. One-time sacrifice, daily food and drink: the controversy over the eucharist; 7. Three later Carolingian crucifixion images; 8. Conclusion; Select bibliography; Index.