Innovation in Wind Turbine Design

Informationen zum Autor Peter Jamieson! Principal Engineer! Special Projects Department! Garrad Hassan & Partners Ltd.! Edinburgh! ScotlandPeter Jamieson has been in the wind industry since 1980! and with Garrad Hassan since 1991 as a founding founder member of their Scottish office. He was previously with James Howden of Glasgow who manufactured wind turbines from 1980 - 1988.He currently heads the "Special Projects" department in Garrad Hassan with involvement in innovative designs of wind turbine and component developments. He is also involved in technology review for government! wind industry and commercial organisations. He has authored circa 30 published papers on wind energy topics! as well as magazine articles! and authored much of the technological content for the EWEA (European Wind Energy Association) publication Wind Energy: The Facts. He holds a number of patents on wind turbine rotor technology. Klappentext Innovation in Wind Turbine Design addresses the fundamentals of design! the reasons behind design choices! and describes the methodology for evaluating innovative systems and components. Always referencing a state of the art system for comparison! Jamieson discusses the basics of wind turbine theory and design! as well as how to apply existing engineering knowledge to further advance the technology! enabling the reader to gain a thorough understanding of current technology before assessing where it can go in the future.Innovation in Wind Turbine Design is divided into four main sections covering design background! technology evaluation! design themes and innovative technology examples:* Section 1 reviews aerodynamic theory and the optimization of rotor design! discusses wind energy conversion systems! drive trains! scaling issues! offshore wind turbines! and concludes with an overview of technology trends with a glimpse of possible future technology* Section 2 comprises a global view of the multitude of design options for wind turbine systems and develops evaluation methodology! including cost of energy assessment with some specific examples* Section 3 discusses recurrent design themes such as blade number! pitch or stall! horizontal or vertical axis* Section 4 considers examples of innovative technology with case studies from real-life commercial clients.This groundbreaking synopsis of the state of the art in wind turbine design is must-have reading for professional wind engineers! power engineers and turbine designers! as well as consultants! researchers and academics working in renewable energy. Zusammenfassung Innovation in Wind Turbine Design addresses the fundamentals of design! the reasons behind design choices! and describes the methodology for evaluating innovative systems and components. Always referencing a state of the art system for comparison! Jamieson discusses the basics of wind turbine theory and design! as well as how to apply existing engineering knowledge to further advance the technology! enabling the reader to gain a thorough understanding of current technology before assessing where it can go in the future.Innovation in Wind Turbine Design is divided into four main sections covering design background! technology evaluation! design themes and innovative technology examples:* Section 1 reviews aerodynamic theory and the optimization of rotor design! discusses wind energy conversion systems! drive trains! scaling issues! offshore wind turbines! and concludes with an overview of technology trends with a glimpse of possible future technology* Section 2 comprises a global view of the multitude of design options for wind turbine systems and develops evaluation methodology! including cost of energy assessment with some specific examples* Section 3 discusses recurrent design themes such as blade number! pitch or stall! horizontal or vertical axis* Section 4 considers examples of innovative technology with case studies from real-life c...

List of contents

Acknowledgements xiii
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Introduction 1
0.1 Why Innovation? 1
0.2 The Challenge of Wind 2
0.3 The Specification of a Modern Wind Turbine 2
0.4 The Variability of the Wind 4
0.5 Commercial Wind Technology 4
0.6 Basis of Wind Technology Evaluation 5
0.6.1 Standard Design as Baseline 5
0.6.2 Basis of Technological Advantage 6
0.6.3 Security of Claimed Power Performance 6
0.6.4 Impact of Proposed Innovation 6
References 7
Part I DESIGN BACKGROUND
1 Rotor Aerodynamic Theory 11
1.1 Introduction 11
1.2 Aerodynamic Lift 12
1.3 The Actuator Disc 14
1.4 Open Flow Actuator Disc 15
1.4.1 Axial Induction 15
1.4.2 Momentum 16
1.5 Generalised Actuator Disc Theory 17
1.6 The Force on a Diffuser 23
1.7 Generalised Actuator Disc Theory and Realistic Diffuser Design 24
1.8 Why a Rotor? 24
1.9 Basic Operation of a Rotor 25
1.10 Blade Element Momentum Theory 27
1.10.1 Momentum Equations 27
1.10.2 Blade Element Equations 28
1.11 Optimum Rotor Theory 30
1.11.1 The Power Coefficient, Cp 33
1.11.2 Thrust Coefficient 36
1.11.3 Out-of-Plane Bending Moment Coefficient 36
1.12 Generalised BEM 38
1.13 Limitations of Actuator Disc and BEM Theory 41
1.13.1 Actuator Disc Limitations 41
1.13.2 Wake Rotation and Tip Effect 41
1.13.3 Optimum Rotor Theory 42
1.13.4 Skewed Flow 42
1.13.5 Summary 42
References 43
2 Rotor Aerodynamic Design 45
2.1 Optimum Rotors and Solidity 45
2.2 Rotor Solidity and Ideal Variable Speed Operation 46
2.3 Solidity and Loads 48
2.4 Aerofoil Design Development 48
2.5 Sensitivity of Aerodynamic Performance to Planform Shape 52
2.6 Aerofoil Design Specification 54
References 55
3 Rotor Structural Interactions 573.1 Blade Design in General 57
3.2 Basics of Blade Structure 58
3.3 Simplified Cap Spar Analyses 60
3.3.1 Design for Minimum Mass with Prescribed Deflection 61
3.3.2 Design for Fatigue Strength: No Deflection Limits 61
3.4 The Effective t/c Ratio of Aerofoil Sections 62
3.5 Blade Design Studies: Example of a Parametric Analysis 64
3.6 Industrial Blade Technology 69
3.6.1 Design 69
3.6.2 Manufacturing 69
3.6.3 Design Development 70
References 73
4 Upscaling of Wind Turbine Systems 75
4.1 Introduction: Size and Size Limits 75
4.2 The 'Square-Cube' Law 78
4.3 Scaling Fundamentals 78
4.4 Similarity Rules for Wind Turbine Systems 80
4.4.1 Tip Speed 80
4.4.2 Aerodynamic Moment Scaling 81
4.4.3 Bending Section Modulus Scaling 81
4.4.4 Tension Section Scaling 81
4.4.5 Aeroelastic Stability 81
4.4.6 Self Weight Loads Scaling 81
4.4.7 Blade (Tip) Deflection Scaling 82
4.4.8 More Subtle Scaling Effects and Implications 82
4.4.9 Gearbox Scaling 83
4.4.10 Support Structure Scaling 83
4.4.11 Power/Energy Scaling 83
4.4.12 Electrical Systems Scaling 84
4.4.13 Control Systems Scaling 84
4.4.14 Scaling Summary 84
4.5 Analysis of Commercial Data 85
4.5.1 Blade Mass Scaling 86
4.5.2 Shaft Mass Scaling 90
4.5.3 Scaling of Nacelle Mass and Tower Top Mass 90
4.5.4 Tower Top Mass 91
4.5.5 Tower Scaling 92
4.5.6 Gearbox Scaling 96
4.6 Upscaling of VAWTs 97
4.7 Rated Tip Speed 97
4.8 Upscaling of Loads 99
4.9 Violating Similarity 101
4.10 Cost Models 101
4.11 Scaling Conclusions 103
References 103
5 Wind Energy Conversion Concepts 105
References 107
6 Drive Train Design 109
6.1 Introduction 109
6.2 Definitions 109
6.3 Objectives of Drive Train Innovation 110
6.4 Drive Train Technology Maps 110
6.5 Direct Drive 114
6.6 Hybrid Systems 117
6.7 Hydraulic Transmission 118
6.8 Efficiency of Drive Train Components 120
6.8.1 Introduction 120
6.8.2 Efficiency Over the Operational Range 121
6.8.3 Gearbox Efficiency 122
6.8.4 Generator Efficiency 122
6.8.5 Converter Efficiency 123
6.8.6 Transformer Efficiency 124
6.8.7 Fluid Coupling Efficiency 124
6.9 The Optimum Drive Train 125
6.10 Innovative Concepts for Power Take-Off 126
References 129
7 Offshore Wind Turbines 131
7.1 Design for Offshore 131
7.2 High Speed Rotor 132
7.2.

Product details

• Authors: Peter Jamieson
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 01.09.2011
• EAN: 9780470699812
• ISBN: 978-0-470-69981-2
• No. of pages: 316
• Subject: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Technology > Heat, energy and power station engineering