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71 For a given value of I the field is independent of the geometrical composition of the coil inside the winding space. The actual number of turns and the cross section of the conductors is entirely determined by the impedance of the power supply to which the magnet should be adapted. In the case of low impedance (high current and low voltage) few turns of thick metal should be used. In the case of high impedance (low current and high voltage) many turns of thin material are needed. High impedance coils are made of square wire or flat strip wound into layers or "pancakes" 1. A nice system for low impedance coils was deve loped by BITTER. The turns of his magnets consist of flat copper discs separated by thin insulating sheets and joined together at their edges. In this type of coil the current density is higher near the axis than at the exterior, resulting into a higher value for G (see above). For the details of the construction we refer to the original papers 2, 3. If the power is dissipated at a low voltage the cooling may be achieved with the help of water. Distilled water should be preferred over mains' water in order to prevent the magnet from corrosion. In the case of a high voltage coil some non-inflammable organic fluid should be used. A low viscosity and a large specific heat are advantageous.
List of contents
Low Temperature Magnetism.- I. Introduction.- II. Effects of magnetic and of electric fields on the energy levels of the magnetic ions.- III. Older research methods.- IV. Paramagnetic relaxation.- V. Paramagnetic resonance.- VI. Antiferromagnetism.- Adiabatic Demagnetization.- A. Fundamental considerations.- B. Experimental methods.- C. Magnetic investigations at relatively high temperatures.- D. Magnetic investigations at the lowest temperatures.- E. Other investigations below 1° K.- General references.- Superconductivity. Experimental Part.- I. Introductory survey.- II. Electrical and magnetic properties of macroscopic superconductors.- III. Thermodynamic properties of the normal and superconductive phases.- IV. Penetration of a magnetic field into a superconductor.- V. Phenomena associated with the surface energy between the superconductive and normal phases.- VI. Thermal effects.- VII. Superconductive alloys and compounds.- VIII. Diverse properties unchanged in the superconductive transition.- References Appended in Proof, March 1956.- Theory of Superconductivity.- I. Introduction.- II. Thermodynamic properties and two-fluid models.- III. London theory and generalization.- IV. Boundary effects; the intermediate state.- V. Electron-phonon interactions.- General references.- Liquid Helium.- A. Historical survey.- B. The diagram of state.- C. Entropy.- D. Superfluidity.- E. Viscosity.- F. Heat conduction.- G. Wave propagation.- H. The saturated film.- J. The unsaturated film.- K. Theoretical Appendix.- Literature references.- Sachverzeichnis (Deutsch-Englisch).- Subject Index (English-German).
