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The purpose of this monograph is to clarify the effect of environmental change on the process of urbanization. The research attempts to uncover the similarities as well as the differences across countries of the charac teristics of environmental effects on cities and metropolitan areas during the process of industrial development. Over the past several decades, a notable behavioral shift has been observed in many developed countries. People appear to be switching from an almost exclusive concern for material (commodity) consumption to a broader set of concerns that includes interest in so-called environ mental problems and in improving the quality of life (USEPA 1973). These new areas of concern include, of course, the problems of pollution, congestion, and, in general, environmental degradation in urban areas. People seem to be becoming increasingly conscious of the physical as well as the social environment. Richard L. Morrill described the situation in the United States as follows: Evidently many are still moving [their residences] for amenity values, into regions they like, irrespective of job opportunities. While movement to the traditional amenity areas of Florida and Arizona continues, there has been a dramatic shift away from California, or from metropolitan areas generally, to xv xvi INTRODUCTION the Pacific Northwest, the Rocky Mountains, upper New England, and even to the Ozarks, Appalachia, and Upper Michigan. [Quoted in Berry and Gillard 1977, p.
List of contents
1 A Location Model with Respect to Environmental Quality.- Statement of the Theorem.- Implications of the Model.- Conclusion.- Appendix: Proof of the Theorem.- 2 A Model of the Urbanization Process: An Application of Elementary Catastrophe Theory.- The Model.- An Implication for Environmental Policy.- Conclusion.- 3 Population Density Gradient and Rent Gradient.- Difference between the Population Density Gradient and the Rent Gradient.- An Empirical Test from the Dynamic Viewpoint.- Perspectives for Future Study.- Appendix 3.1: Shift of the Land Price Gradient in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area.- Appendix 3.2: Transportation Modal Choice - A Study Using Probit Analysis.- Appendix 3.3: A Note on the Data.- 4 Systems of Cities: An Approach to Central Place Theory.- The Model.- Implications of the Model.- Conclusion.- Appendix: Changing of the Parameter of the Rank-Size Rule Equation.- 5 City Size and Environmental Quality.- Theoretical Framework.- A Brief Survey of the Problem.- An Empirical Test of the Relation between Environmental Quality and Public Expenditure.- Conclusion.- Appendix 5.1: Data.- Appendix 5.2: Limit on the Growth of Cities.- Appendix 5.3: Statistical Unit for Defining a City.- Conclusion.- 6 Environmental Policy and Implementation.- Environmental Degradation and Social Responses.- The Validity of Cost-Benefit Analysis.- Changing Characteristics of the Planning and Policy-Implementation Process.- Appendix: A Consideration of the Policy-Implementation Process in Japan.- Statistical Appendix.- References.- Indexes.
