Switching in Electrical Transmission and Distribution Systems

Informationen zum Autor René Smeets has for more than 30 years been involved in switching with switchgear ranging from 10-1200 kV. For the last 19 years he has worked at DNV GL (former KEMA) high-power laboratory in the Netherlands. Alongside this he is active in various positions in CIGRE: as convener and member of working groups dealing with switching equipment and testing. He is also a convener of IEC standardization teams with respect to high-voltage switchgear. He is a Fellow of IEEE. Amongst his scientific activities, he is currently chairman of the "Current Zero Club", an informal group of specialists dealing with current interruption phenomena. He holds a Ph.D. and was appointed as a part-time professor at Eindhoven University in 2001 and adjunct-professor at Xi'an Jiaotong University in 2013. He has been a guest-editor of IEEE Journals and has published numerous papers on switching and testing. He has given courses on switching and switchgear worldwide.    Lou van der Sluis obtained his M.Sc. in electrical engineering from the Delft University of Technology. He joined the KEMA High Power Laboratory in 1977 as a test engineer and was involved in the development of a data acquisition system, computer calculations of test circuits and the digital analysis of test data. Since 1992 he has been employed as a full-time professor at the Delft University of Technology in the Power Systems Department. He is a senior member of IEEE and past convener of CC 03 of CIGRE/CIRED studying the transient recovery voltages in medium and high voltage networks. He is currently a member of CIGRE WG A3.24 on internal arc testing and co-convener of CIGRE WG C4.502 studying the interaction between high-voltage overhead lines and underground cables. He is a member of the advisory board of CIGRE SC A3. Mirsad Kapetanoviæ received the M.Sc. degree in endurance of high-voltage circuit breakers in 1993, and the Ph.D. degree for discovery of Algebra of fractal vector (Bosnian algebra) in 1997 from the Sarajevo University, Bosnia and Herzegovina. He has been with the Energoinvest Electric Power Institute (IRCE), Sarajevo, since 1977. In 1982, he became Head of the high voltage circuit-breakers design department at IRCE. In 1997, he was appointed part-time professor at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo. Currently, he is Professor at the faculty and part-time R&D Manager of EnergoBos Company from Sarajevo. Dr. Kapetanovic is a Member of IEEE, Distinguished Member of CIGRE, regular member of CIGRE Study Commitee SC A3 (High Voltage Equipment), 2002-2008; regular member of SC 13 (Switching Equipment), 1996-2002; and, as of 1990, member of the CIGRE Working Group 13.01 (Practical Application of Arc Physics in Circuit Breakers). David Peelo was born in 1943 in Dublin, Ireland. After completing high school, he studied electrical engineering at University College Dublin and graduated cum laude in 1965. His first employment was at the ASEA High Voltage Laboratory in Ludvika, Sweden. In 1973 he joined BC Hydro in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, eventually becoming a switchgear and switching specialist. He took early retirement in 2001 to pursue a new career as an independent consultant and to undertake postgraduate work as represented by this thesis. He obtained a Ph.D. degree in switching with HV air-break disconnectors in 2004. He is active in CIGRE, IEC and IEEE committees and working groups and has authored or co-authored over 40 technical papers. Anton Janssen served 35 years in management functions within the electric transmission and electricity/gas distribution industry, including management responsibility for KEMA High Power Laboratory.  He is active in national and international organizations dealing with technical, managerial and strategic network issues.  He was convener of a number of CIGRE working groups and was special reporter...

List of contents

Preface xv
 
1 Switching in Power Systems 1
 
1.1 Introduction 1
 
1.2 Organization of this Book 2
 
1.3 Power-System Analysis 5
 
1.4 Purpose of Switching 8
 
1.4.1 Isolation and Earthing 8
 
1.4.2 Busbar-Transfer Switching 8
 
1.4.3 Load Switching 8
 
1.4.4 Fault-Current Interruption 9
 
1.5 The Switching Arc 10
 
1.6 Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) 14
 
1.6.1 TRV Description 14
 
1.6.2 TRV Composed of Load- and Source-Side Contributions 16
 
1.7 Switching Devices 19
 
1.8 Classification of Circuit-Breakers 22
 
References 27
 
2 Faults in Power Systems 28
 
2.1 Introduction 28
 
2.2 Asymmetrical Current 30
 
2.2.1 General Terms 30
 
2.2.2 DC Time Constant 33
 
2.2.3 Asymmetrical Current in Three-Phase Systems 34
 
2.3 Short-Circuit Current Impact on System and Components 35
 
2.4 Fault Statistics 43
 
2.4.1 Occurrence and Nature of Short-Circuits 43
 
2.4.2 Magnitude of Short-Circuit Current 45
 
References 46
 
3 Fault-Current Breaking and Making 48
 
3.1 Introduction 48
 
3.2 Fault-Current Interruption 48
 
3.3 Terminal Faults 49
 
3.3.1 Introduction 49
 
3.3.2 Three-Phase Current Interruption 51
 
3.4 Transformer-Limited Faults 58
 
3.4.1 Transformer Modelling for TRV Calculation 59
 
3.4.2 External Capacitances 61
 
3.5 Reactor-Limited Faults 62
 
3.6 Faults on Overhead Lines 64
 
3.6.1 Short-Line Faults 64
 
3.6.2 Long-Line Faults 81
 
3.7 Out-of-Phase Switching 81
 
3.7.1 Introduction 81
 
3.7.2 Switching between Generator and System 83
 
3.7.3 Switching between Two Systems 85
 
3.8 Fault-Current Making 86
 
3.8.1 Impact of Making a Short-Circuit Current on the Circuit-Breaker 86
 
3.8.2 Switching-Voltage Transients at Making in Three-Phase Systems 88
 
References 93
 
4 Load Switching 96
 
4.1 Normal-Load Switching 96
 
4.2 Capacitive-Load Switching 97
 
4.2.1 Introduction 97
 
4.2.2 Single-Phase Capacitive-Load Switching 98
 
4.2.3 Three-Phase Capacitive-Load Switching 104
 
4.2.4 Late Breakdown Phenomena 104
 
4.2.5 Overhead-Line Switching 114
 
4.2.6 Capacitor-Bank Energization 118
 
4.3 Inductive-Load Switching 122
 
4.3.1 Current Chopping 124
 
4.3.2 Implication of Current Chopping 125
 
4.3.3 Inductive-Load Switching Duties 127
 
References 138
 
5 Calculation of Switching Transients 141
 
5.1 Analytical Calculation 141
 
5.1.1 Introduction 141
 
5.1.2 Switching LR Circuits 142
 
5.1.3 Switching RLC Circuits 147
 
5.2 Numerical Simulation of Transients 153
 
5.2.1 Historical Overview 153
 
5.2.2 The Electromagnetic Transients Program 154
 
5.2.3 Overview of Electrical Programs for Transient Simulation 159
 
5.3 Representation of Network Elements when Calculating Transients 160
 
References 162
 
6 Current Interruption in Gaseous Media 164
 
6.1 Introduction 164
 
6.2 Air as an Interrupting Medium 166
 
6.2.1 General 166
 
6.2.2 Fault-Current Interruption by Arc Elongation 167
 
6.2.3 Arc Chutes 171
 
6.2.4 Arcs in Open Air 174
 
6.2.5 Current Interruption by Compressed Air 175
 
6.3 Oil as an Interrupting Medium 176
 
6.3.1 Introduction 176
 
6.3.2 Current Interruption in Bulk-Oil Circuit-Breakers 177

Product details

• Authors: Anton Janssen, Mirsa Kapetanovic, Mirsad Kapetanovic, David F Peelo, David F. Peelo, Lou van de Sluis, Lou van der Sluis, Smeets, Ren Smeets, Ren? Smeets, Rene Smeets, René Smeets, Rene Janssen Smeets, Rene Sluis Smeets, Rene Van Der Sluis Smeets, Rpp Smeets, Lou van der Sluis, Lou (Delft University of Technology Van Der Sluis
• Publisher: Wiley, John and Sons Ltd
• Languages: English
• Product format: Hardback
• Released: 26.09.2014
• EAN: 9781118381359
• ISBN: 978-1-118-38135-9
• No. of pages: 440
• Subject: Natural sciences, medicine, IT, technology > Technology > Electronics, electrical engineering, communications engineering