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Informationen zum Autor Charles N. Haas is the head of the department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering at Drexel University and the Betz Chair Professor of Environmental Engineering. He has served on numerous advisory committees of the US EPA and the National Research Council Joan Rose serves as the Homer Nowlin Chair in Water Research at Michigan State University, the Co-Director of the Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment (CAMRA) and the Director of the Center for Water Sciences (CWS). She is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Charles P. Gerba is a Professor in the department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science at the University of Arizona. He is the author of 11 books and over 400 journal papers. Dr. Gerba is a member of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science Advisory Board Committees on Drinking Water and Research Strategies. Klappentext The new edition of this book is an outgrowth of an independent research center established by the United States Department of Homeland Security and the Environmental Protection Agency, dedicated to advancing laboratory techniques, creating mathematical tools, and developing datasets needed to improve Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). This book looks at the latest methodologies to quantify at every step of the microbial exposure pathways, from the first release of a pathogen to the actual human infection. It provides techniques on how to gather information, on how each microorganism moves through the environment, how to determine their survival rates on various media, and how people are exposed to the microorganism (i.e. skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion). The book explains how these measurements can give us a comprehensive view of how environmental contamination (deliberate or accidental) can lead to human infection and reveals key points where interventions can be employed to save lives. Since QMRA allows the reader to incorporate interventions into risk estimates, the book explains how QMRA can be used as a tool to measure the impact of interventions and identify the best policies and practices to protect public health and safety. Zusammenfassung Provides QMRA methodologies to determine infection risk cause by either accidental microbial infections or deliberate infections caused by terrorism. This title reviews methodologies to quantify at every step of the microbial exposure pathways! from the first release of a pathogen to the actual human infection. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface xi Chapter 1 Motivation 1 Prevalence of Infectious Disease 1 Prior Approaches 4 Scope of Coverage 4 Potential Objectives of a QMRA 5 Site-Specific Assessment 5 Ensemble of Sites 6 Secondary Transmission 7 Outbreaks versus Endemic Cases 7 References 10 Chapter 2 Microbial Agents and Transmission 15 Microbial Taxonomy 15 Eukaryotes 15 Prokaryotes 18 Viruses 20 Prions 22 Clinical Characterization 24 Microorganisms of Interest 27 Viruses 27 Bacteria 37 Protozoa 42 Transmission Routes 45 Inhalation 48 Dermal Exposure 50 Oral Ingestion 50 References 55 Chapter 3 Risk Assessment Paradigms 63 Chemical Risk Assessment: National Academy of Sciences Paradigm 63 Ecological Risk Assessment 67 Approaches for Assessing Microbial Risks 71 Background 71 The QMRA Framework 74 Hazard Identification 74 Dose-Response Assessment 74 Exposure Assessment 76 Risk Characterization 77 Risk Management 79 Development of the QMRA Framework and Processes 79 QMRA and the Safety of Water 82 QMRA, Food Safety, and the HACCP System 84 References 86 Chapter 4 Condu...
