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DEFECT PROPORTION OF DETECTION INITIAL RATE DETECTION RATE INSPECTOR 3 COMPLEXITY OF TIMES PAN OF PERFORMING o~ ________________________ o~ ______________________ __ -;. INSPECTION TASK -;. VISUAL INSPECTION Fagure 1. Trends in relations between the complexity of inspection tasks, defect detection rates (absolute and relative), and inspection time. Irrespective of the necessities described above, and with the excep tion of specific generic application systems (e.g., bare-board PCB inspection, wafer inspection, solder joint inspection, linewidth measure ment), vision systems are still not found frequently in today's electronics factories. Besides cost, some major reasons for this absence are: 1. The detection robustness or accuracy is still insufficient. 2. The total inspection time is often too high, although this can frequently be attributed to mechanical handling or sensing. 3. There are persistent gaps among process engineers, CAD en gineers, manufacturing engineers, test specialists, and computer vision specialists, as problems dominate the day-to-day interac tions and prevent the establishment of trust. 4. Computer vision specialists sometimes still believe that their contributions are universal, so that adaptation to each real problem becomes tedious, or stumbles over the insufficient availabIlity of multidisciplinary expertise. Whether we like it or not, we must still use appropriate sensors, lighting, and combina tions of algorithms for each class of applications; likewise, we cannot design mechanical handling, illumination, and sensing in isolation from each other.
List of contents
and Organization of the Book.- I. Applications and Systems Aspects.- 1. Vision System Components.- 2. Imaging Microscopes for Microelectronics.- 3. Metrology in Electronic Devices and Substrates.- 4. Inspection of Integrated Circuits and Gate Arrays.- 5. Sensor Fusion for Integrated Circuit Testing.- 6. Wafer Inspection.- 7. Mask Repair and Inspection.- 8. Knowledge-Based Processing.- 9. Design Rule Verification.- 10. Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Inspection.- 11. Inspection for Assembly Tasks.- 12. Knowledge-Based Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing.- II. Vision Algorithms for Electronics Manufacturing.- 13. Image Quantization and Thresholding.- 14. Geometrical Corrections.- 15. Image Registration and Subtraction.- 16. Edge and Line Detection.- 17. Region Segmentation and Boundaries.- 18. Geometry of Connected Components and Morphomathematics.- 19. Feature Extraction.- 20. Decision Logic.- 21. Image Data Structures and Management.- 22. Conclusion: The Future of Computer Vision for Electronics Manufacturing.- Appendixes.- A. Glossary and Abbreviations.- B. Relevant Journals.- C. Units and Conversion Tables.- References.- Suggested Readings.
