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Oceans have been the subject of scientific inquiry for hundreds of years, but significant study of mineral occurrences on the deep ocean floor has only begun to take place. Man's present knowledge of the ocean floor had to await the development of sophisticated research equipment capable of probing the ocean to great depths. This began in the 1940's and since then the accelerated pace of ocean research has generated a large amount of data on the ocean environment - mostly through the work of academic and governmental scientific organizations around the globe. These new scientific disclosures confirmed the wide-spread occurrence of metal-bearing lumps on the deep ocean floor that hold great promise as an important new source of raw material. Encouraged by these events, several groups of private, semi-private, and public enterprises became active; a transition occurred from scientific interest in the metal-bearing lumps to commercial interest. But these pioneer developers faced a formidable task. Information about the minerals and their environment of deposition was inadequate; technology for mining them continuously was non-existent and very little was known about the adaptability of processing technologies for land-based ores to these minerals.
List of contents
1 Introduction.- 2 Manganese Nodule Deposit.- Nodule characteristics.- Environment of deposition.- 3 Nodule Development Programme.- Considerations in characterizing economic deposits.- Exploration sequence.- Present situation.- 4 Technology for Manganese Nodule Prospecting and Exploration.- Methods and equipment.- Assessment of technology for prospecting and target area exploration.- 5 Technology for Manganese Nodule Mining.- Hydraulic mining system.- Continuous line bucket (CLB) mining system.- Modular mining system.- Mining plan.- 6 Assessment of Nodule Mining Technology.- Tests of nodule mining technology.- Performance of nodule mining technology.- Major sub-system options in the hydraulic mining system.- Mining system options.- 7 Transfer of Nodule Ore at Sea.- Ore transfer approaches.- 8 Conclusions.- Appendix A Abstracts of Patents on Seabed.- Exploration and Mining Technology.- Appendix B Suppliers of Seabed Mining Technology.- Appendix C Bibliography.- Notes and References.- List of Figures.- List of Tables.
