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"Covers the use of established computational methods, such as finite element method (FEM) and multi body simulation (MBS), and their appropriate use within load analysis for durability"--
List of contents
About the Editors xiii
Contributors xv
Series Editor's Preface xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxi
Part I OVERVIEW
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Durability in Vehicle Engineering 4
1.2 Reliability, Variation and Robustness 6
1.3 Load Description for Trucks 7
1.4 Why Is Load Analysis Important? 9
1.5 The Structure of the Book 10
2 Loads for Durability 15
2.1 Fatigue and Load Analysis 15
2.2 Loads in View of Fatigue Design 23
2.3 Loads in View of System Response 25
2.4 Loads in View of Variability 27
2.5 Summary 29
Part II METHODS FOR LOAD ANALYSIS
3 Basics of Load Analysis 33
3.1 Amplitude-based Methods 35
3.2 Frequency-based Methods 72
3.3 Multi-input Loads 91
3.4 Summary 105
4 Load Editing and Generation of Time Signals 107
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Data Inspections and Corrections 110
4.3 Load Editing in the Time Domain 115
4.4 Load Editing in the Rainflow Domain 139
4.5 Generation of Time Signals 156
4.6 Summary 167
5 Response of Mechanical Systems 169
5.1 General Description of Mechanical Systems 169
5.2 Multibody Simulation (MBS) for Durability Applications or: from System Loads to Component Loads 173
5.3 Finite Element Models (FEM) for Durability Applications or: from Component Loads to Local Stress-strain Histories 186
5.4 Invariant System Loads 193
5.5 Summary 200
6 Models for Random Loads 203
6.1 Introduction 203
6.2 Basics on Random Processes 206
6.3 Statistical Approach to Estimate Load Severity 209
6.4 The Monte Carlo Method 215
6.5 Expected Damage for Gaussian Loads 218
6.6 Non-Gaussian Loads: the Role of Upcrossing Intensity 224
6.7 The Coefficient of Variation for Damage 230
6.8 Markov Loads 235
6.9 Summary 249
7 Load Variation and Reliability 253
7.1 Modelling of Variability in Loads 253
7.2 Reliability Assessment 256
7.3 The Full Probabilistic Model 258
7.4 The First-Moment Method 263
7.5 The Second-Moment Method 264
7.6 The Fatigue Load-Strength Model 265
7.7 Summary 284
Part III LOAD ANALYSIS IN VIEW OF THE VEHICLE DESIGN PROCESS
8 Evaluation of Customer Loads 287
8.1 Introduction 287
8.2 Survey Sampling 288
8.3 Load Measurement Uncertainty 295
8.4 Random Sampling of Customers 303
8.5 Customer Usage and Load Environment 308
8.6 Vehicle-Independent Load Descriptions 314
8.7 Discussion and Summary 318
9 Derivation of Design Loads 321
9.1 Introduction 321
9.2 From Customer Usage Profiles to Design Targets 324
9.3 Synthetic Load Models 333
9.4 Random Load Descriptions 335
9.5 Applying Reconstruction Methods 336
9.6 Standardized Load Spectra 341
9.7 Proving Ground Loads 342
9.8 Optimized Combination of Test Track Events 342
9.9 Discussion and Summary 354
10 Verification of Systems and Components 357
10.1 Introduction 357
10.2 Generating Loads for Testing 363
10.3 Planning and Evaluation of Tests 365
10.4 Discussion and Summary 379
A Fatigue Models and Life Prediction 383
A.1 Short, Long or Infinite Life 383
A.2 Cumulative Fatigue 384
B Statistics and Probability 387
