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Introduced to the technical aspects of forestry aerial spraying in the mid-1970's, we were immediately impressed by the complexity of the process of delivering pesticide to foliage. At that time, there was a vigorous public debate in New Brunswick about the ecological and public h~alth impacts of the annual spray program for the control of defoliation of spruce and fir trees by the spruce budworm. The forest industry is important to the province and changes to the established procedures of budworm control could have major economic implications. A rational debate required reliable information about the mechanics of the spraying process. There was a need to supply missing information as to required pesticide application rates, atomizer performance, off-target drift and deposit, and the effects of weather and aircraft operating factors. We were invited to initiate a research program in this domain by New Brunswick forest management officials, and what follows in this book is a logical and quantitative description of the overall process based on our own research and that of others over the intervening years. After a short introduction to aerial spraying, we begin (Chapter 2) by describing forest stands in terms of their interaction with suspended atmospheric particulate material carried along by the wind and susceptible to deposition on foliage. We introduce foliage simulators and their use in measuring the deposit of sprayed pesticide on foliage, the "biological interface" between pest and pesticide.
List of contents
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Historical Perspective.- 1.2 Scope and Orientation of Text.- 2 Characterizing Forest Stands.- 2.1 Foliage Density and Vertical Distribution.- 2.2 Forest Micrometeorology.- 2.3 Foliage as Filter for Atmospheric Particulates.- 2.4 Foliage Simulators.- 2.5 Importance of Properly Defining the Biological Interface.- 3 Properties of Spray Formulations.- 3.1 Biological Toxic Requirement and Droplet Size.- 3.2 Effects of Viscosity, Surface Tension, and Volatility.- 3.3 Summary.- 4 Spray Aircraft and Atomizers.- 4.1 Aircraft in Use.- 4.2 Aircraft Wake Behaviour.- 4.3 Droplet Generation and Atomizer Types.- 4.4 Atomizer Characterization Methods.- 4.5 Atomizer Droplet Spectrum Data.- 4.6 Correlations for Atomizer Emission Characteristics.- 4.7 Dry Material Dispensing Devices.- 5 Research Field Trials.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Measurements and Analytical Methods.- 5.3 The Mass Balance Test as a Measure of Accuracy In Field Trials.- 5.4 Experimental Design, Management, and Costs.- 6 Modeling Spray Application, Dispersion, and Deposition.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Details of the PKBW model.- 6.3 Model Validations and Comparisons: PKBW Model.- 6.4 Off-target Drift and Buffer Zone Estimation.- 6.5 Simulation of Block Spraying, PKBW Model.- 7 Spraying in Complex Terrain.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Air flows in Well-defined Mountain Valleys.- 7.3 Implications with Respect to Pesticide Spraying.- 7.4 Predicting Pesticide Dispersion and Deposition in Valleys.- 7.5 Comment.- 8 Spraying Innovations.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Drop Size Optimization.- 8.3 Field Trials for Dose Efficacy Measurements.- 8.4 Aircraft Navigation and Data Logging.- 8.5 Investigating Possible Improvements in Application Methods with PKBW.- 9 Pesticides and Government Regulations.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2Federal and Provincial Regulations in Canada.- 9.3 Specific Excerpts from FIFRA.- 9.4 The Training of Pesticide Applicators and the Inspection of Application Equipment.- Appendix I Spray Efficacy Research Group (Serg).- Appendix II Atomizer Charact Erization Data.- Appendix III Details of Agdisp, Fscbg, and Pkbw Models.
