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"This book provides in full detailed examination and analysis for a number of energy crops and their use as a source for generating electricity and for the production of biofuels"--
List of contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Abbreviations xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Why This Book? 1
1.2 The Book Structure 2
1.2.1 Introduction 2
1.2.2 Structure 3
1.3 Energy Utilization 5
1.4 The Need for Effective Biomass Utilization 7
1.5 Renewable Energy Impact on Biomass Economy 7
1.6 Summary 9
References 10
2 Background 13
2.1 Renewable Energy: A Brief Outlook 13
2.1.1 Introduction 13
2.1.2 Old Graphs 15
2.2 Wind 16
2.3 Water 17
2.4 Geothermal 17
2.5 Solar 19
2.5.1 Solar Cells 20
2.5.2 Solar Water Heating 20
2.5.3 Solar Furnaces 20
2.6 Biomass 21
2.7 Biomass as a Source of Energy 24
2.7.1 Energy Crops 27
2.7.2 Examples of Energy Crops 29
2.7.3 Biomass Utilization 30
2.7.4 Biomass and Coal Components 31
2.7.5 Types of Energy Crop Needed 32
2.7.6 Biomass Energy Infl uencing Factors 33
2.7.7 CharacteristicsCo-fi ring Properties and Testing Method 35
2.8 Biomass Applications 36
2.8.1 Bio-fuels 36
2.8.2 Electricity Generation 37
2.8.3 Heat, Steam, and CHP 37
2.8.4 Combustible Gas 38
2.8.5 Additional Bio-energy Technologies 41
2.9 Co-fi ring 42
2.9.1 Barriers for Biomass Co-firing 43
2.9.2 Additional Challenges for Co-firing 44
2.9.3 Further Advancement in Co-firing Engineering 44
2.9.4 Promoting Co-firing 45
2.10 System Engineering 46
2.11 Biomass Conversion Systems 48
2.12 Energy Crops Scheme (U.K.) 49
2.13 Renewable Obligation Certificate (ROC) (U.K.) 52
2.14 Climate Change Levy Exemption Certificate (LEC) (U.K.) 52
2.15 Conclusion 53
References 56
3 Co-firing Issues 61
3.1 Technical and Engineering Issues 61
3.1.1 Introduction 61
3.1.2 Hardware and Biomass Materials 62
3.2 Technical and Hardware Issues 62
3.3 Milling 65
3.4 Fuel Mixing 66
3.5 The Combustion System 71
3.5.1 Boilers 71
3.6 By-products 75
3.6.1 Ash Formation and Deposition 75
3.7 Degradation 76
3.8 Conclusion 77
References 80
4 Samples 83
4.1 Selected Samples 83
4.1.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Samples General Descriptions 84
4.2.1 The Reference Samples 84
4.3 Main Samples 91
4.3.1 Introduction 91
4.3.2 Crops Basic Composition 92
4.3.3 Crops and Oil Sources 93
4.3.4 Oil Quality and Standard 94
4.3.5 Crops Photosynthesis 94
4.3.6 Energy Crops Environmental Effect 95
4.3.7 Corn (Zea mays L.) 96
4.3.8 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 103
4.3.9 Miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis) 108
4.3.10 Rice (Oryza sativa) 115
4.3.11 Barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp.) 121
4.3.12 Sunfl ower (Helianthus annuus) 126
4.3.13 Niger Seed (Guizotia abyssinica) 134
4.3.14 Rapeseed (Brassica napus) 141
4.4 Conclusion 147
4.4.1 Samples Selection 148
4.4.2 The Next Step 150
References 151
5 Methodology: Part 1 161
5.1 Methodology Approach 161
5.1.1 Introduction 161
5.2 The Pyramid 162
5.3 The Decision Tree 164
5.3.1 Steps for the Biomass Fuel 164
5.3.2 Three Numbers 165
5.4 Methodology Terms
Report
"Because of its focus on practical data and applications, the book is also accessible for general readers who may or may not have a technical or scientific background." ( Landtechnik , 1 September 2014)
