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Informationen zum Autor Dr. Gavin Conibeer is Deputy Director of the Centre of Excellence for Advanced Silicon Photovoltaics and Photonics at the University of New South Wales (UNSW, Australia). He has a BSc (Eng) and MSc (London) and received his PhD at Southampton University (UK). His research interests include third generation photovoltaics, hot carrier cooling in semiconductors, phonon dispersion modulation in nanostructures, high efficiency thermoelectric devices and photoelectrochemical generation of hydrogen. As well as numerous publications, Dr. Conibeer has also given a short course on Third Generation Photovoltaics at UNSW and a unit on Photovoltaics for the Open University (UK). Professor Arthur Willoughby is currently Professor Emeritus at the University of Southampton having retired from Southampton after many years teaching. He holds a BSc and PhD in Engineering, both from Imperial College, and was head of Engineering Materials at Southampton for more than 10 years. With research interests focussed around semiconductor materials, Arthur Willoughby is founding editor of Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics for Springer as well as principal editor for Materials Letters for Elsevier. He has written multiple journal articles as well as book chapters for Springer and MRS, and is a series editor for the Wiley Series in Materials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications. Klappentext This book presents a comparison of solar cell materials, including both new materials based on organics, nanostructures and novel inorganics and developments in more traditional photovoltaic materials.It surveys the materials and materials trends in the field including third generation solar cells (multiple energy level cells, thermal approaches and the modification of the solar spectrum) with an eye firmly on low costs, energy efficiency and the use of abundant non-toxic materials. Zusammenfassung This book presents a comparison of solar cell materials, including both new materials based on organics, nanostructures and novel inorganics and developments in more traditional photovoltaic materials. Inhaltsverzeichnis Series Preface xiii List of Contributors xv 1 Introduction 1 Gavin Conibeer and Arthur Willoughby 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Sun 1 1.3 Book Outline 3 References 4 2 Fundamental Physical Limits to Photovoltaic Conversion 5 J.F. Guillemoles 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Thermodynamic Limits 8 2.2.1 The Sun is the Limit 9 2.2.2 Classical Thermodynamics Analysis of Solar Energy Conversion 10 2.3 Limitations of Classical Devices 12 2.3.1 Detailed Balance and Main Assumptions 13 2.3.2 p-n Junction 14 2.3.3 The Two-Level System Model 17 2.3.4 Multijunctions 19 2.4 Fundamental Limits of Some High-Efficiency Concepts 22 2.4.1 Beyond Unity Quantum Efficiency 23 2.4.2 Beyond Isothermal Conversion: Hot-Carrier Solar Cells (HCSC) 29 2.4.3 Beyond the Single Process/ Photon: Photon Conversion 32 2.5 Conclusion 33 Note 33 References 33 3 Physical Characterisation of Photovoltaic Materials 35 Daniel Bellet and Edith Bellet-Amalric 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Correspondence between Photovoltaic Materials Characterisation Needs and Physical Techniques 35 3.3 X-Ray Techniques 36 3.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 37 3.3.2 Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXRD) 40 3.3.3 X-Ray Reflectivity (XRR) 42 3.3.4 Other X-Ray Techniques 44 3.4 Electron Microscopy Methods 45 3.4.1 Electron-Specimen Interactions and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 48 3.4.2 Electron Backscattering Diffraction (EBSD) 49 3.4.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 51 3.4.4 Electron Energy Loss S...
